- A+
论文写作可所以英语精进的最难关之一。要掌控这项高档写作技能，需要有完满的英语的语法，精准的词汇和对主题深化的了解。
另外，论文写作仍是一种专门的文体（正式和专业性），这一点关于英语非母语的作者来说可以比照难拿捏（甚至对英语母语的作者也相同很难)。
想要前进学术英语写作，其间一个办法就是学习一些有用的固定分配，这样一来文章就会显得更自傲、更专业，论文的专业度和正式性适可而止。
下文咱们会罗列50个最有用的论文写作固定分配，附有界说和比方，全都选材于真实的学术论文。
学习要害：将下列固定分配用到你写的文章中去。想一想语法上对不对？内容上说不说得通？把自个写的语句和下面的比方比照下，看看用得合不适合。
essential component
- a vital part of something
重要构成有些：某事物的重要有些
- e.g. “we show here that these proteins are an essential component of the cell surface receptor”.
比方：咱们这儿闪现，这些蛋白质是细胞表面受体的重要构成有些。
establish a relationship
- to prove or show a link between two things
树立联络：证明二者之间有联络。
- e.g. “our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensive patients”.
比方：咱们的方针是证明主动脉硬化和中风去世在高血压患者中存在联络。
existing research
- previous academic work on the same subject
现有研讨：对同一疑问早年做的研讨。
- e.g. “this working paper reviews the existing research evidence about the additional costs or deprivation that disabled people face”.
比方：这篇研讨审议了关于残疾人面临的额定开支和贫穷情况的现有研讨。
first impression
- initial thought on a subject, priorto any detailed analysis
开始观念：在任何细节分析之前，对一个主题的最早的观点。
- e.g. “our first impression was strengthened by the fact that we were aware a condition existed in povoa de varzim”.
比方：咱们发现早年呈如今波瓦珍的病况，这印证了咱们的开始观念。
frequently cited
- often quoted or referred to inreference to something
再三引证：多次被引证
- e.g. “it should be recognized that other systems are frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature”.
比方：咱们大约知道到，其他的体系常常被引证，特别在工程学得文献中。
fundamental principle
- principle from which other principles can be derived
根来历理：最最基础的原理，其他原理从其间得来。
- e.g. “the authors argue forthe restoration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics”.
比方：作者证明指出，医学道德的根来历理在于对好意的重建归位。
general consensus
- the majority opinion on a topic
广泛认同：对此论题的广泛定见
- e.g. “there is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little, if any power as forecasts offuture spot exchange rates”.
例如：我们广泛认同，远期汇率对猜测将来现汇汇率几乎没有影响。
gain insight
- achieve a more profound understanding
获得真知灼见：得到更深化的了解
- e.g. “through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks”.
例如：经过这次比照，咱们期望对他们进行这次实验有更深化的知道。
hierarchical structure
- a system where elements are subordinate to other elements
阶层规划：在体系中一个要素与另一个要素呈现部下联络。
- e.g. “after reviewing theirtheoretical approach, the authors present four kinds of hierarchical structurein music”.
例如：在谈论理论办法后，作者提出了在音乐中有4种阶层规划。
highly controversial
- tending to provoke fierce disagreement
高度争议：可以会发生激烈的不认同
- e.g. “a highly controversial issue in financial economies is whether stocks overreact”.
例如：在金融经济中有一个具有高度争议的论题，就是股市是不是反应过激。
immediately apparent
- obvious and clear at that moment
当即闪现：当即变得显着、清楚
- e.g. “the reasons for thisare not immediately apparent and deserve further investigation”.
例如：对此的理由没有马上闪现出来，需要进一步骤查
increase the likelihood
- to make more likely orplausible
几率添加：变得更可以
- e.g. “numerous high school students engage in behaviours that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes”.
比方：许多的巨大学生都会做这些作业，从这四件事中他们去世的几率会添加。
key element
- a main or fundamental component
重要元素：重要的基础的构成有些
- e.g. “provisional restorations represent a key element in the realization of extensive esthetic rehabilitations”.
比方：暂时批改代表了大规划审美的批改的重要元素。
largely confined
- focussed in a particular area
首要限于：专心于某一领域
- e.g. “the metabolic syndromeis largely confined to overweight and obese adults”.
例如：代谢归纳征首要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。
literal interpretation
- a non-metaphorical or figurative reading
字面说明：没有隐喻或比方意义的说明
- e.g. “in experiment 2,targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation
”.
例如：在实验2中，实验目标是词组，这些词组可以看作为习语，也可以只做字面意义说明。
major challenge
- a large or fundamental problem
首要困难：很大和根柢的疑问
- e.g. “keeping up with the population increase is a major challenge for urban areas”.
例如：城市区域的首要疑问在于很难跟上人员的增加。
markedly different
- noticeably distinct
显着不一样：显着的不一样
- e.g. “the spectrum ofpyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedly different from that ofthe pyridinium ion”.
例如：吡啶的光谱与表面的调和度和吡啶离子有显着不一样。
negative connotation
- suggesting something bad orwrong
负面暗示：暗指不好的意思
- e.g. “the label placebo was avoided because of its negative connotation”.
比方：“安卧牧”这个标牌并未被运用因为它有不好的意义。
newly emerging
- novel or original concept first being introduced
新发生的：新的或许自创的概念
- e.g. “this is a book about anewly emerging area of research in instructional technology”.
比方：这本书是关于在教育科技研讨这个新式领域的。
offer insight
- present a deep or original analysis
提出深化的自创的分析
- e.g. “this study reveals whatthose practices are and may offer insight for how they fit into futureworkplaces”.
比方：这份研讨指出这个办法究竟是啥而且对在将来这些办法使用到作业领域作深化的分析。
organisational structure
- the way groups are arranged
组织规划：组织是如何组织的
- e.g. “this paper models theinner workings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environmenton the availability of relationship credit to small businesses”.
比方：这篇论文以如下几方面为模板：联络型告贷的内部运作，银行组织规划的意义，经济环境的影响冲击关于小型公司告贷联络的可得性的影响。
particular emphasis
- stressing one aspect of something
特别偏重：偏重事物的某一方面
- e.g. “the first chapter, areview of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on british experience, has been entirely rewritten”.
比方：第一章审议了在上半个世纪盛行的首要社会查询，特别偏重了英国的经历，但这一章现已从头改写过了。
perceived importance
- the opinion that something is particularly important or relevant
感到某一观念特别重要和有关
- e.g. “we examined whetheremployees perceived importance of the training program would be one variablethat mediates the relationship between training assignment and training motivation”.
例如：咱们研讨过职工是不是感触培训项意图重要性，这是调和培训作用和培训动机的变量。
pioneering work
- work which explores previously uncharted territory
壮举：史无前例，探究从未有人的领域
- e.g. “hans-paul schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in evolutionary computation, a field that originated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s”.
例如：has-paul schwefel回答了对进化核算这一抢手领域，该领域有一有些是在二十世纪70年代发源的。
positive feature
- something good
活泼特征：好的方面
- e.g. “the great chemicaldiversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihood that avariety of approaches can be made to prevention”.
例如：巨大化学方面的多样性是一大活泼特征，闪现了各种防治办法可以人为的可以性。
qualitatively different
- differences relating toquality as opposed to quantity
质的不一样：质量上的不一样而非数量上的不一样
- e.g. “current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simpler andomisation of planning decisions”.
例如：当前咱们发生质的不一样的方案是根据简略的方案抉择的随机性
quantitative study
- a study which focuses on aspectsof quantity
定量研讨：一项专心于数量的研讨
- e.g. “qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy”.
- 例如：经过活体组织切片、肺切除手术和尸检，定量和定性研讨都关于肺部组织的肺血管进行。
raise a question
- necessitates an obvious enquiry
提出质疑：提出一个显着而必要的疑问
- e.g. “at the same time, italso raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters”.
例如：一起，这也对咱们提出了质疑，是不是单个的变革可以关于不一样的撑持者的目标。
rapid expansion
- to grow larger at a fast rate
快速扩展：大规划快速增加
- e.g. “it has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution”.
例如：有人提出，快速的扩展可所以由人类活动致使的，然后致使了居住的不适、压力比方污染。
reach a consensus
- develop a general agreement
达到共同
- e.g. “a consensus conferencewas organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols”.
例如：组织举办了一次共同会议，会上评价了数据，对最佳医治方案达到共同。
reciprocal relationship
- benefiting both partiesequally
互利联络：两边获益
- e.g. “the aim of the presentstudy is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment andadolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour”.
例如：其时研讨的意图是为了根究亲子眷恋和成人内化和外化疑问行为的互利联络。
seem plausible
- appear possible or likely
如同有道理：形似可行
- e.g. “again, even though theresults seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory”.
例如：即便成果如同有道理，没有理论就很难说明。
specific examples
- focussed examples
特例
- e.g. “the specific examplesused are shown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnostic accuracy”.
例如：咱们运用的特例闪现咱们对确诊的精确性有显着的误差。
theoretical approach
- focussing on theories ratherthan practical application
理论研讨办法：专心于理论而非实习
- e.g. “a new theoreticalapproach to language has emerged in the past 10–15years that allows linguistic observations about form–meaningpairings, known as , to be stated directly”.
例如：在曩昔10-15年间发生了新的研讨言语的办法，这种办法答应对言语的方法（意义配对）进行调查研讨，称作“规划主义”，假定直接表述的话。
typical example
- an example which is common orexpected in its outcome
典型比方：一个广泛而且大致能意料到的比方。
- e.g. “a typical example wouldbe the design of a trial to evaluate the benefits of specialist stroke units”.
一个典型比便利是咱们进行一次实验，评价专家的卒中单元。
underlying assumption
- a belief which dictates otherbeliefs
根柢的假定：其他定见根据该假定
- e.g. “much of ecological theory is based on the underlying assumption of equilibrium population dynamics”.
比方：大有些的生态学理论是根据根柢的人员动态平衡的假定
universally accepted
- an assumption which is not commonly disputed
公认：某假定是广泛不存在争议的
- e.g. “the idea of abiological root to human nature was almost universally accepted at the turn of the century”.
比方：人的本质是有生物的根性的，这个观念在世纪之交时现已广泛公认
vary considerably
- to be widely different in form or features
改变较大：在方法和特征上很不一样
- e.g. “the results of these procedures vary considerably among patients”.
比方：各个患者在这个手术上的成果截然不一样
vast majority
- an overwhelming amount
大大都：绝大大都
- e.g. “the vast majority of cases occur in developing countries, mainly because of lack of screening”.
比方：绝大大都的事例发生在打开我国家，缘由在于那里没有选择机制。
well-documented
- evidence from numerous or reliable sources
根据充分的：根据从多个可靠的来历那里得来
- e.g. “although cns depressionand analgesia are well documented effects of the cannabinoids, the mechanisms responsible for these and other cannabinoid-induced effects are so far known”.
比方：尽管中枢神经抑郁和痛觉不见都可以由大麻发生，这一点根据充分，但其间的机制和其他大麻的效能当前咱们不得而知。
