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中考英语语法常识难点大全
英语语法常识难点（一）
（一） 描述词和副词
I． 要害
A． 描述词
1、 描述词的用法
描述词是用来润饰、描绘名词的，一般在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些描述词与定冠词连用标明一类人作主语时，谓语一般用复数方法。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多个描述词作定语润饰名词的次序：
冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状况（描绘性）+形状巨细+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：
the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 描述词比照等级的方法
（1） 规则方法
一般说来，单音节词及少量双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比照级和最高档；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
（2） 不规则方法
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
（3） 描述词比照等级的用法
①标明两者的比照，用描述词的比照级+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②标明两者以上的比照，用"the +描述词最高档（+名词）+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③标明两者是平等程度，用"as +描述词原级+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越留心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎么赞扬这个教师也不过火。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我忧虑的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.
这是我吃过的最佳的一顿饭。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.
我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
B．副词
1、 副词的品种
（1） 时刻副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
（2） 地址副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
（3） 方法副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
（4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副词比照等级的用法
其用法与描述词类似，只是副词最高档前可省掉定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副词在用法上的差异
（1） already, yet, still
already标明某事物现已发生，首要用于必定句；yet标明等待某事发生，首要用于否定句和疑问句；still标明某事还在进行，首要用于必定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
（2） too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于必定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，一般放在句末。如：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不一样。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意为"迩来、迩来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
II． 例题
例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
A high enough B tall enough
C enough high C enough tall
解析：该题正确答案是B。润饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,而且enough润饰描述词要放在描述词后边。因而该题选B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicine
D More medicine taken
解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+描述词比照级+… , the +描述词比照级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加剧。
例3"I haven't been to London yet".
"I haven't been there ____".
A too B also C either D neither
解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于必定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply
解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，润饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则润饰标明豪情颜色的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能彼此润饰。
（二） 介词
I． 要害
1、介词和品种
（1） 简略介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介词和其他词类的习气分配联络
（1） 和动词的分配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
（2） 和描述词的分配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
（3） 和名词的分配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介词短语可以有自个的润饰语，这种润饰语一般有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少量几个副词。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
（1） at, on, in（表时刻）
标明时刻点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；标明不断定的时刻或短期假期也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
（2） between, among（表方位）
between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的彼此联络时，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
He is the best among the students.
（3） beside, besides
beside意为"在…周围"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
（4）in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道
by the way 指趁便问一句 in this way 用这样的办法
（6）in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在角落内 at the corner 指在角落外
（7）in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
（8）by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
II． 例题
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…周围"，不契合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还晓得另外言语吗？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D during
解析：咱们均晓得，at night这一短语，但假定night前有润饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来润饰，故该题正确答案为A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定分配，意为"期望、期望"。
（三） 连词
I． 要害
1、 连词的品种
（1） 并排连词用来联接并排联络的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
（2） 隶属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了隶属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是联接代词和联接副词（引导名词性从句），联络代词和联络副词（引导定语从句）。
2、 常用连词举例
(1)and 和，而且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 可是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 可是，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或许，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因而，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 尽管
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
（14）unless 除非，假定不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
（15）until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (片刻间动词用于not… until 规划)
He stayed there until eleven.
（16）while 当…时分，而 (标明比照)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可以用片刻间动词)
My pen is red while his is blue.
（17）for 因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是揣度出来的)
（18）since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
（19）hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
（20）as far as 就… 来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一向走到湖那里)
II． 例题
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：该题意为：John踢足球假定不比David好的话，那也踢得和David相同好。 和…相同好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：该处意为"可是"，只需while有此意思，故选D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：该处意为"或许"，正确答案为C。
英语语法常识难点（二）
（四）动词时态、语态
I． 要害
1、 一般如今时
（1） 标明常常发生的动作或如今存在的状况，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时刻状语连用。如：
Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
（2） 标明客观真理、科学实际等。如：
The earth goes round the sun.
2、 如今进行时
(1) 标明说话时或现期间正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时刻状语连用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种常常重复的动作，常富含某种情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 如今结束时
首要标明动作发生在曩昔，对如今仍有影响，或动作一向连续到如今，或可以还要持续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:
Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般将来时
标明将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状况，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般曩昔时
标明在曩昔某一时刻或某一期间内发生的动作或存在的状况，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：
It happened many years ago.
6、曩昔进行时
标明曩昔某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 曩昔结束时
标明在曩昔某一时刻或动作之前现已发生或结束了的动作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
８、一般曩昔将来时
标明说话人从曩昔的视点来看将来发生的动作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn't.
９、被逼语态
被逼语态的时态，以give为例。
II．例题
例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作尽管发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有清楚的曩昔时刻状语in 1950, 所以不必曩昔结束时态，而用一般曩昔时态。
例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being looked for D has been looked
解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被逼语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被逼语态的语句中。
（五）动词虚拟口气
I． 要害
标明说的话不是实际，或许是不可以能发生的情况，而是一种期望、主张或与实际相反的假定等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
１、 虚拟口气的构成
注：假定条件从句谓语动词包富含were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
２、 虚拟口气在各种从句的使用
（１） 在主语从句顶用来标明惊奇、怅惘、理应如此等，其谓语方法是"should(可省) ＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
（２） 在宾语从句顶用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表直接的指令和主张。其谓语方法是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
（３） 在表语从句中，标明直接的指令，需求、恳求、主张、抉择等，主句中的主语一般是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语方法是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
（４） 在同位语从句中，谓语方法是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
（５） 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词方法是"动词的曩昔式"或
"should ＋动词原形",should不可以省。如：
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
II． 例题
例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer.
A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。had hoped标明"本期望"，相同用法的动词还有think, expect等，后边的语句需用虚拟口气
例２ "Mary wants to see you today".
"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
A comes B came C should come D will come
解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。would rather后边的从句需用虚拟口气，用动词曩昔时标明。
例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better.
A had done B might have done
C might do D would do
解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为Ｂ。
（六）短语动词
I． 要害
英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个全体，其用法有的恰当于及物动词，有的恰当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成首要有以下六种：
（１） 动词＋介词
常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
（２） 动词＋副词
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语假定是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语假定是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：
You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
（３） 动词＋副词＋介词
常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
（４） 动词＋名词＋介词
常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
（５） 动词＋描述词
常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语假定是名词，则宾语可放在描述词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语假定是人称代词或反身代词，则有必要放在描述词前边。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
（６） 动词＋名词
常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
（7）分析
give away(让给，露出) 和 give up（扔掉，中止）
put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （暂停）
turn up（到会，扩展） 和 turn on （翻开）
keep out（阻挡） 和 keep off （不让接近）
make up（编造，补上） 和 make out（辨认）
take off（脱，起飞） 和 take out（拿出）
II． 例题
例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keep up意为"持续"；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。
例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"坚持联络"。
例３ ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：该题选A. look out 意为"留心"。
（七）动词不定式
I． 要害
１、 不定式的方法。以动词write为例。
２、 不定式的句法功用
（１） 作主语
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主语时，为了坚持语句的平衡，一般以it作方法主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：
It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
（２） 作宾语
一般用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
（３） 作表语
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
（４） 作定语
不定式作定语时，须放在它所润饰的名词或代词后。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
（５） 作宾补
一般用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
（６） 作状语
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
（７） 作独立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
（８） "疑问词＋不定式"规划。 如：
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
（9）不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
（10）不定式的结束式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
（11）too…to 规划。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，愿意去)
（12）主动表被逼。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II．例题
例１ I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，润饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所润饰的名词间是"动宾联络"，所以不定式有必要是及物动词，故此处on不能省掉。
例2 He was made ____.
A go B gone C going D to go
解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 假定是被逼方法，不定式do前的to不能省掉。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"即将被建"。
（8）动名词
I． 要害
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功用。
１、 动名词的方法，以write为例。
否定式 not +动名词
２、 动名词的用法
（１） 作主语
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.
作主语的动名词规划凌乱且长时，可用it作方法主语。如：
It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.
（２） 作宾语
I enjoy playing PC game.
He gave up writing five years ago.
（３） 作表语
What he hated most was doing nothing.
Seeing is believing.
动名词作表语时，语句的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。
（４） 作定语
There's a dining room in my school.
All the people watching laughed.
（５） 动名词的复合规划"物主代词（或名词的一切格）+动名词"。如：
Tom's going home late made her mother angry.
Would you mind my opening the window?
不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，有必要用名词的一般格（或人称代词的宾格）。
①无生命名词
The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
②有生命名词，但表泛指。
Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
③两个以上的有生命的名词并排。
Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?
3．后边常接动名词的动词和短语
mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,
keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,
be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,
can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,
look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,
devote to doing, lead to doing
II．例题
例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
A going B to go C for going D went
解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后边要接名词或动名词作宾语
例２ The garden needs ____.
A water B watering C to water D watered
解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 假定物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一规划作宾语。
例３ Excuse me ____ you.
A interrupting B to interrupt
C interrupted D to have interrupted
解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。
（九）分词
I． 要害
分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有描述和副词的句法功用。它分为如今分词和曩昔分词两类。如今分词和曩昔分词的首要不一样在于如今分词有一般式和结束式，曩昔分词则只需一般式。如今分词表动作正在进行，表主动。曩昔分词及物动词表动作现已结束，表被逼。曩昔分词不及物动词表动作现已结束，表主动。
曩昔分词的句法功用：
１、 作定语
I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.
The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.
２、 作表语 
When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.
I'm interested in this book.
３、 作宾语补足语
I'm going to have my bike repaired.
When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.
4、作状语
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.
如今分词的句法功用。
1、作状语
Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.
Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.
2、作宾语
I hate being spoken ill of.
He considered visiting Japan during
the winter vocation.
3、作表语
Seeing is believing.
The book is interesting.
4、作宾语补足语
I noticed him crossing the street.
Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.
5、作定语
Do you know the man writing a letter?
The worker running a machine is my brother.
分词运用中的几个疑问
1、如今分词的结束式
Having cleaned the room, I went out.
2、如今分词的否定式
Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、如今分词与曩昔
分词的不一样
如今分词标明主动、正在，曩昔分词标明被逼、结束
I found the man killed there.
I found the man standing there.
4、have规划
We have the car repaired.
We have repaired the car.
We have Tom repair the car.
We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分词作表语
We were excited at the news.
The
football game is exciting.
6、独立主格规划
It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
II． 例题
例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.
A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
解析：该题答案为D。 Time permitting…是独立主格规划，意为"假守时刻答应的话…"
例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。
英语语法常识难点（三）
（十）神态动词与助动词
I． 要害
助动词本身无意义，在句中协助首要动词构成必定的时态，语态、口气，或是协助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
神态动词表必定的词义，本身并不标明动作或状况，而只是表达说话人的情绪，它在句中须和首要动词一同构成谓语，首要的神态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
1、can 能，可以，表说话人附和，答应还可表客观条件答应，如:You can go now.
提主张或恳求时可用can I, can you表谦让，如Can I buy you a drink?
can和be able to表才能时的差异。
can表一般具有的才能，be able to表在特定条件下的才能，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
2、may
（1）、可以，表说话人附和，答应或恳求对方答应。You may go.
（2）、（如今和将来）可以，或许，只用于必定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.
3、must, have to
must表片面上的有必要，have to表客观上的有必要，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.
(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)
4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和神态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，如用作神态动词后接动词原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)
5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人寻求对方的定见或向对方恳求，如，Shall we begin our lesson?
用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人指令、警告、许诺、挟制等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.
6、should表大约，意为有责任，有责任。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、自愿、安心、方案，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，
8、should have done表大约做而未做
must have done表对曩昔实际的必定估测
could have done表本可以做某事
9、判别句：必定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太必定用may, might
He must be in the office now.
He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
He can't be in the office. He is at home.
He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
He might be in the office, I am not sure.
He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.
II． 例题
例1，They _______ to walk in the street at might.
A. didn't dare B. not dared C. not dare D. dared not
解析，该题答案为A， 此空需选一动词作谓语，因为后边是to walk, didn't dare是行为动词dare曩昔时态的否定方法。
例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _______ sit for hours without saying a word.
A. would B. should C. must D. used
解析，该题答案为A, would此处表曩昔的倾向性，习气性动作，意为"老是"如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer.
（十一）语句品种
I． 要害
语句按运用意图可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按规划又分为简略句、并排句和复合句。
1、陈述句的否定
（1） 在富含宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习气上要移到主句谓语上，如: I don't think he is right.
（2） 富含否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的语句应视为否定句，如: I have never been there before.
2、反意疑问句
（1） need和dare 既可作神态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问有些须加以差异，如We needn't leave, need we? We don't need to leave, do we?
（2） 陈述有些呈现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问有些须用必定方法如：He seldom comes, does he?
（3） 陈述有些用不定代词作主语时，反问有些的主语用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?
陈述有些用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问有些常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they?
（4） 陈述有些包括used to 时，反问有些可有两种方法，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?
（5） 陈述有些是"there + be"规划时，反问有些用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?
（6） 陈述有些是富含宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问有些的主语和谓语应和主句坚持共同，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?
但，假定是I think , I believe等 +宾语从句时，反问有些须和从句的动词坚持共同，如，I don't think he is right, is he? I don't believe he does that, does he?
3、感叹句
用what或how,
What a beautiful park it is.
How beautiful a park it is.
How beautiful the park is.
How we worked!
4、祈使句
Take care!
Don't stand there.
Please open the door for the old lady.
II．例题
例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?
A. will you B. do you C. won't you D. shall you
解析：该题答案为A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但必定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?
例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?
A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do we
解析：该题答案为C，let's…后加上shall we来表口气悠扬、谦让，而在let us后加上will you。
例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?
A. doesn't he B. does he C. do they D. has he
解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问有些要用必定方法。
（十二）各种从句
I．要害
根据从句在句中的句法功用，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1、 名词性从句
（1） 主语从句
What he wants is a piece of paper.
It is believed that he can solve the problem.
注：主语从句的谓语动词用奇数。
（2）宾语从句
I don't know how to solve the problem.
Do you know where he lives?
（3）表语从句
The problem is who can help me.
This is why I came here.
（4）同位语从句
I have no idea where he went.
I heard the news that he would come.
同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。
2、定语从句
在复合句中，润饰某一名词或代词，或润饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的联络代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和联络副词when, where, why。
（1）that指物时一般可与which交换，但鄙人列情况下，要用that而不必which。
a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如，
Everything (that) he did is wrong.
b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等润饰时，如，
I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.
c. 先行词被序数词或描述词最高档润饰时，
This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.
d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last润饰时，如
He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.
e. 只用which的情况
在介词后或在非限制性定语从句中
This is the book about which we have talked a lot.
The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.
f. where和when作联络副词
This is the room where I worked.
This is the room which I stayed in.
I remembered the day when we lived there.
I remembered the day that I spent there.
g. as和which
as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以以
As you know, he is good at English.
three of them 和three of which
I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.
I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.
3、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时刻状语、地址状语、缘由状语、意图状语、成果状语、条件状语、行为方法状语、比照状语、让步状语等多种。
II． 例题
例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。
例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong.
A. where B. in that C.X D. with which
解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句顶用that或 in which来引导或不填。
例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time.
A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be
解析：该题答案为B，It is +时刻数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为"从…时分以来过了多久了。"
（十三）主谓共同
I． 要害
谓语受主语分配，须和主语在人称和数上坚持共同，这叫做主谓共同，主谓共同包括语法共同、意义上共同和就近共同。
1、语法上共同
（1）、以奇数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用奇数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如，
To work hard is necessary for a student.
（2）、用and或both……and联接的并排主语，谓语动词用复数，如，
Both he and I are right.
但并排主语假定指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用奇数，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
（3）、主语是奇数时，尽管后边跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，谓语动词仍用奇数，如，
The teacher as well as his students is excited.
（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用奇数，如:Everyone has a book.
（5）、一些只需复数方法的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意义上共同
（1）、表时刻、间隔、价格、衡量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用奇数，如，
Twenty years is not a long time.
（2）、标明总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，
People are talking about the accident.
（3）、有些集结名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个全体看待，谓语动词用奇数，如指其间每个成员，则用复数，如，
My family is a big one.
My family are watching TV.
3、邻近共同
用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等联接的并排主语，假定一个是奇数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近共同原则，与最接近它的主语共同，如，
Either you or I am mad.
II．例题
例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：该题答案为A。works方法上是复数，意思上是奇数，因而谓语动词用奇数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.
A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：该题答案为A。They each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用奇数如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来改变。
英语语法常识难点（四）
（十四）倒装
I．要害
按"主语+谓语"这种次序摆放的语句是陈述语序，假定变为"谓语（或曰语的一有些）+主语"，就是倒装语序。
1、悉数倒装
（1）there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting.
There is a book on the table.
（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但假定主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，
Here comes the bus.
Here he comes.
（3）直接引语的有些或悉数位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如，
"What he said meant nothing", said the teacher.
（4）为坚持语句平衡，偏重表语或状语，使上下文紧密联接时须完全倒装，如，In front of the house sat a small boy.
2、有些倒装
（1）so, neither, nor置于句首阐明与前者情况共一起，如，
I like swimming, so does my brother.
（2）only +状语放在句首，如，
Only through this method can we win.
Only in this way can we do the work well.
（3）富含否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如，
Never had I heard that.
Little did I know about this.
（4）以often, so +描述词或副词最初的语句，如，
So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
（5）用于省掉if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如，
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
Had he come, we would have won.
（6）用于某些标明祝福的句中，如，
May you be happy for ever.
II．例题
例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair
C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair
解析：该题答案为B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只需but前面的有些倒装，but后边仍是正常语序。
例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）.
A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is
C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond
解析：该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，隶属连词as可以标明though，但要用倒装语序。
例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope
解析：该题答案为A， only和它所润饰的状语一同置于句首时，须用倒装。
（十五）it 与there be的用法
I．要害
1、it的用法
（1）用作人称代词，替代前文说到的无生命的事物，动植物、婴儿及指示代词this, that，如，
I have a new pen. It is beautiful.
The Browns have a new baby. It's cute.
（2）用来标明时刻、气候、间隔等，如，
It's twelve o'clock now.
It's fine today.
（3）用作引导词，替代由不定式，ing方法或从句标明的真实的主语或宾语，如，
It's no good telling him that.
It's necessary for you to do so.
（4）用在偏重规划中，构成偏重句式：It is/was +被偏重有些+that/who/whom +语句其他有些，可偏重除谓语以外的语句其他成分，如，
It was this morning that I saw him in the street.
It was I who saw him in the street this morning.
It was in the street that I saw him this morning.
It was him whom I saw in the street this morning.
2、there be句型
英语标明某时某处或某物时，常用there be句型，这是一种倒装规划，如，
There are a lot of students playing on the ground.
There is going to be a test this afternoon.
当主语有两个或两个以上时，动词be常和迩来的那个主语获得共同，如，
There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box.
There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room.
There are lots of people like it, aren't there?
there be句型，谓语动词除be之外，还可用其他标明存在，方位移动等意义的不及物动词或词组，如exist, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等，如，
There stands a house at the foot of the hill.
there be句型标明"存在"而have表"有"、"具有"，所以there be中 be不能换成have，但当have标明事物的特征时，可用"主语+have"规划替换there be 句型，如：
There are five doors in the house.
The house has five doors.
there be 的其它句型：
1、There must be a meeting in the office.
2、There have been great changes since 1979.
3、There being no bus, we had to walk home.
I． 例题
例１ ____ that he went to sleep.
A It was until midnight B That was until midnight
C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight
解析：该题答案为C。偏重until规划时，要将否定词not移到until前。又如：He didn't leave until twelve 改为It was not until twelve that he left.
例２ There are a lot of students ____ in the class room.
A talk B talking C talked D to talk
解析：该题正确答案为B。 There be句型为倒装句，可换为A lot of students are talking in the class room. 又如：There is a lot of noise heard out in the street.
（十六）省掉
I．要害
有时为了避免重复，使言语简练紧凑，在不损害规划或致使误解的原则下，一般省去一个或多个语句成分或词语。
１、 固定习气用词。如：
No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
2. 简略句中的省掉
（１） 口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省掉。如：（It is）Nice to see you!
(This is) Li Ming speaking.
（２） 一切格后的名词如为住所、商铺、工矿、教堂等可以省掉。如：
I'm going to visit Tom's (house).
I met him at the tailor's (shop).
（３） 两个或两个以上的动词不定式并排在一一起，第一个不定式带to，后边的不定式可省to.如: His job is to clean and mend the machine.
（４） 主（宾）语补足语中的to be常省掉。He was considered (to be) the best student in the class.
（５） There be规划中 there be可一起省掉，或只省掉there.如：(Is there) Anything wrong?
（６） 标下一年纪的years old, 标明钟点的o'clock, minute等常省掉。如：What time is it now? It's ten (o'clock).
3从句中的省掉
（１） 宾语从句，以which, when, where, how和why致使的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同，可省掉从句中悉数谓语，甚至主语也可省掉，仅保存wh－一词。如：
He will come, but we don't know when (he will come).
He didn't come, I wondered why (he didn't come).
（２） 定语从句中可省掉作宾语的联络代词，如：
The man (whom) I saw in the street the other day is my teacher.
（３） 状语从句，在时刻、地址、让步、方法、条件状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语共同，或从句主语是it，则be动词及其主语常可省掉。如：
I'll tell him that when (it is) possible.
I won't go there unless (I'm) invited.
II．例题
例１ A beam of light will not bend（曲折）round corners unless____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device（反射设备）。
A made B being made C having made D to be made
解析：该题正确答案为A。 unless后省掉了it is. make sb (sth) do sth变成被逼语态则为sth/ sb be made to do.
例２ While ____my homework, I heard a cry for help.
A do B did C doing D having done
解析：该题答案为C。该空处省掉了I'm,恰当于while I'm doing my home work.如：While playing guitar, he is singing.
英语语法习题检测
1. He was a good swimmer so he ____ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. can B. might C. could be able to D. was able to
2． At the Christmas party Santa Claus (圣诞老人) ____ the presents under the tree.
A. handed back B. handed out
C. handed in D. handed to
3. Tears ____ the little match girl's eyes as she thought of her kind grandfather.
A. ran down B. fell down C. came to D. rolled into
4. A child can't learn ____ without ____.
A. to spell, helping B. spelling, helping
C. spell, being helped D. spelling, being helped
5. Only one man had ever been elected President four times, ____ Franklin D.
Roosevelt.
A. for example B. such as
C. the one of whom D. that is to say
6. ____, the medical team is made up of twelve doctors.
A. Altogether B. Entirely C. Completely D. Wholly
7. ---- ____.
---- Have a good time.
A. I've to see the doctor now
B. It's time for dinner
C. I went to the concert last night
D. I'm going to a party now
8. The man lives in a ____ place. That is, he lives ____ from here.
A. far away, far away B. faraway, faraway
C. far away, faraway D. faraway, far away
9. The patient's progress was encouraging as he could ____ get out of bed without help.
A. nearly B. only C. hardly D. badly
10. We have to set off right away, ____ we ?
A. do B. don't C. have D. haven't
11. The street lights ____ on when night falls.
A. will have turned B. will have been turning
C. will be turned D. will be turning
12. " Well, in the translation, the word ____ a different meaning," said Miss Dianna.
A. takes on B. takes up C. looks like D. has a look at
13. When he was through ____ he got up and left.
A. to talk B. to be talked C. talking D. being talked
14. The town has ____ bridge.
A. a fine old stone's B. an old fine stone's
C. a fine old stone D. an old fine stones
15. I didn't buy the apples; he gave them to me ____ nothing.
A. with B. for C. at D. by
16. ____ speak to me like that again.
A. Never B. Not C. Not to D. Can't
17. Egypt is ____ the oldest countries in the world.
A. one B. between C. among D. in the middle of
18. They fought ____ the end and won ____ the end.
A. in, to B. to, in C. in, in D. to, to
19. I ____ three hours on the text and it will ____ me another hour for the grammar.
A. have spent, take B. spend, need have
C. take, spend D. need, take
20. The play put on by the students was quite different ____ you imagined.
A. from what B. to that C. from which D. to which
21. Here ____ the worker and writer.
A. comes to B. comes C. come D. are coming
22. Would you like to have ____ more bread?
A. some B. any C. a few D. little
23. There will be few, if ____.
A. some B. any C. much D. many
24. I have ____ things to do. I can't play ____.
A. many, no more B. a lot of, any more
C. much more, more D. much of, any more
25. I walked 50 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ____ far.
A. that B. this C. such D. as
26. I am sorry I took your umbrella ____ mistake.
A. with B. through C. for D. by
27. You can go where you like ____ you get back before dark.
A. as well as B. as long as
C. as soon as D. so as to
28. ____ we know, this is the best of its kind.
A. Because B. When C. As far as D. That
29. There isn't any water ____ air on the moon.
A. and B. or C. but D. both
30. It was not long ____ we climbed up the mountain.
A. after B. before C. since D. until
31. The girl grew ____ age and wisdom.
A. for B. in C. with D. by
32. The climate (气候) in Beijing does not agree ____ me.
A. on B. to C. with D. in
33. There's a police car in front of the department store. What do you suppose ____.
A. is happened B. has happened
C. would happen D. did happen
34. ____ better attention, the cabbages (洋白菜) could have grown better with
the sun ____ them light.
A. Given, gave B. Given, giving
C. Giving, given D. Giving, giving
35. What is ____ next?
A. to do B. to be done C. doing D. done
36. "A Dream of the Red Chamber" (红楼梦) is said ____ into dozens of languages in the last decade (十年).
A. to have been translated B. to be translated
C. to translate D. to have translated
37. Some scientists say that the need for fresh water ____ by the year 2000.
A. will have doubled B. will be doubling
C. be doubled D. has doubled
38. It ____ I had no money with me at the moment.
A. is so happened that B. was so happened that
C. so happened which D. so happened that
39. What does the weighing machine ____?
A. express B. explain C. read D. write
40. Over a hundred boys came to ____ out for the football team.
A. go B. run C. try D. make
41. There are ____ boys than girls in our class.
A. much more B. many more C. many D. a lot many
42. His health is ____.
A. as poor, if not poorer than, his sister
B. as poor as his sister's if not poor
C. as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister's
D. as poor, if not poorer than his sister's
43. The trees can ____ part of the heat from the sun.
A. keep up B. keep on C. keep out D. keep up with
44. ____ hearing the news, we jumped ____ joy.
A. On, with B. In, to C. At, in D. For, with
45. The hot weather will ____ another month, I think.
A. go on with B. go on for C. get on with D. go on to
46. When I was at school, I ____ to the library every afternoon.
A. has gone B. went C. was going D. had been going
47. " Do you go to school?" " ____."
A. No, I go home B. Yes, I am
C. No, I work D. No, I cycle
48. " Shall I keep the book or pass it on to Jack?"
" ____, please."
A. Yes, you shall B. No, you mustn't
C. Yes, please keep it D. Pass it on to Jack
49. These photographs will show you ____.
A. what does our village look like
B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like
D. how our village looks like
50. Please explain ____.
A. me the sentence B. the sentence to me
C. me to the sentence D. the sentence for me
答案：
1-5 DBCDD 6-10 ADDAB 11-15 CACCB 16-20 ACBAA 21-25 BABBA 26-30 DBCBB
31-35 CCBBB 36-40 AADCC 41-45 BCCAB 46-50 BCDBB
