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修改 兰桂姬LANGUAGEE
大学部
infinitives 不定式（标明意图）：
1 动词+to+不定式
2 疑问词（question words）+to+不定式
3 动词+宾语（objects）+to+不定式
I want(谓语动词） a gift（宾语）
i want to buy（第二个动词为不定式）a gift
常用后接不定式的动词：Decide.Learn.want.hope/wish. Refuse. Manage.would like. Pretend. Offer. Promise. Choose.plan.agree. Ask. Help
I haven’t decided where to go/what to do/how to do.../which to choose/where to go..
We（主） want（谓） them（宾） to help me.--不定式做宾语补足语
接不定式不带to的动词（四看三使二听一感触：look at, see,watch, notice.let. Make.have.hear. Listen to. Feel. 例：i hear him sing every night / let him go/mum made me go to bed early.
Cindy used a brush to painta picture of a park.--不定式作意图状语。
定冠词 the
There is a big tree in front ofthe classroom(无法断定的前面-树在教室外）./there is a big desk in the front ofthe classroom.（能断定的前面-桌子在教室内）
用法：1 特指：the photo was of her grandpa. 2.上文呈现，下文再次说到: there was an accident on the road. Two men were hurt in the accident. 3两边共知的turn down the radio, please. The baby is sleeping. 4绝无仅有的: the sun is shinning brightly.
乐器名词前有必要用定冠词，体育运动名词前不必冠词。Play the piano/ play basketball.
用在受介词短语润饰的名词前wash your hands when you touch the food on the table/ keep the taps in the bathroom clean.
名词后如有介词短语加以捆绑，则具有特指意义，此时须用冠词：the pencil on the table is short...
发音规则：在子音音素前，读 the United States the useful book. 在元音音素前读i the umbrella the old doctor the honest man.
名词Nouns
可数名词的复数方法：
一般情况加-s： school-schools; elephant-elepants
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结束：box-boxes; watch-watches.
子音字母以y结束： bluberry-blueberries;
以o结束：规则1：无缺的名词以“子音+O”结束，后边加-es => echo-echoes回声 potato-potatoes 规则2：无缺的名词以“元音+O”结束，后边要加s => radio-radios收音机 kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠 底层逻辑：关乎发音疑问（天然拼读）名词变复数不管后边加啥，不管读s，z仍是iz，在原单词基础上加上尾缀，实践上原单词发音根柢上不变。假定马铃薯potato+s的话，potatos后边的tos中的o在2个非重读音节t，s的中心，这种情况下，o是不能宣告其正本的音的，只能发，这样就违背了原单词发音不变的原则，为晓得决这个疑问那么万能的e就出来了，假定加上es就是potatoes，oe这个发音本身就是，不受弱化发音的影响。而规则1的情况原单词结束本身就富含元音的字母组合后边直接加s也不会致使发生音变如radio和kangaroo。规则3： 非无缺的单词复数（外来词，缩写词等）如photos（原词是photographs），pianos（原词是pianofortes）
以f（e）结束：变v+es => thief- thieves； wife-wives
不规则改变： man-men，foot-feet，child-children，mouse-mice， german-germans，单复数同形：chiness，japanese。
常以复数方法呈现：clothes, trousers,shoes,noodles,
This pair of shoes isred.
集体名
词 people，police；
How many people are there in your family?
不可以数名词：air, earth,water,pollution,food,advice不能用不定冠词a/an润饰 a cup of flour/two spoons of sugar/ some syrup/ a glass of milk.
专有名词 proper name: the coronavirus
名词一切格：加s或 ’s, children’s/ teachers’/lucy and lily’s mother(lucy和lily一起的母亲是一个奇数）/lucy’s and lily’s mother(lucy和lily各自的母亲是2个母亲复数）
代词：
人称代词：主格i，we，you，he，she，it，they，宾格me，us，you，him，her，it，them； 物主代词：描述词性物主代词 my，our，your，his，her，its，their；名词性物主代词 mine，ours，yours，his，hers，its，theirs；
反身代词：myself，ourselves，yourself，yourselves，himself，herself，itself，themselves。
The other特指两个或两有些中的另一个或另一有些，可接奇数或许复数名词，标明两个中“一个……另一个……”，常用规划式为：one...the other...
1.He has two brothers,one is a teacher, the other is a docter.
2.There are 48 students in our class,some work hard,but the other students don’t.
The others特指某一规模内的“其他的（人或物）”恰当于the other+名词复数，指剩下的悉数。
There are 48 students in our class,some work hard,but the others don’t.
咱们班有48个学生，一些学习尽力，其他的不尽力。
Other“其他的，另外的”位于名词前做定语。
We learn chinese,English,math and other subjects.
Others恰当于other+名词复数,指剩下的另一些，并非悉数。
1.Some students are doing homework,but others are talking loudly.
2.A lot of people are in the park, some are singing,others are dancing.
Another泛指同类事物中三者或三者以上中“另一个”，只能替代或润饰奇数可数名词。
I don’t like this one,please show me another.留心：another+名词奇数=one more+名词奇数
another+数词+名词复数=数词+more/other+名词复数
1.I want to have another apple =I want to have one more apple.
2.We need another ten chairs=We need ten more/other chairs.
It is important to do...---it是方法主语。
动词语态
No nets are requiredfor this type of fishing/each picture should be made a little different from the one before it--被逼语态(the passive voice) Be+P.P 用的缘由1 偏重，2礼貌 3 引证信息（it is reported...
一般如今时：am/is/are + PP 一般曩昔时：was/were + PP 一般将来时： will be + pp
神态动词被逼：神态动词+be+pp 如今结束时： have/has + been+pp 如今进行时：am/is/are +being+PP
不及物动词，连系动词没有被逼（此类动词无动作承受者） SARS took placein 2003/ it seems impossible to the foreigners 常见连系动词：feel. Look. Taste.sound.smell.
主动中省掉to的不定式(make,have,let,see,hear)，在被逼中要复原to：we saw the workers build the hospital...=>the workers were seen to build the hospital...
短语中的介词不能漏=> the doctors and nurses have taken good care of the patients/ the patients have been taken good care of by the doctors and nurses.(of和by分归于不一样的意群）/ people all over the world are praying for china/ xiaoming is unhappy,because heis laughed at very oftern.
an 放在元音要素最初的单词前面 the在元音要素最初的词前发zi的音 in the eveninga set of 跟复数 a pair of trousers 一条裤子two pairs of trousers两条裤子 a glass of juice 一杯果汁 two glasses of juice some可数和不可以数名词都可以润饰 birds in the tree 外来的 apple on the tree长出来的 at table在就餐 at the table在桌子旁 orange橘子可数，橘汁不可以数 glass杯子可数，玻璃不可以数 room房间可数，空间不可以数 on the bed在床上 in bed睡觉 主系表 表感官sound smell taste feel the food smells terrible 表改变 turn become get go come the food went bad 弹西洋乐器play the piano 其他不必the eat well不能用have well， have/take medicine no润饰可数名词奇数－not a，润饰不可以数和可数名词－not any， food泛指食物是不可以数，表食物品种是可数 milk is a good food,三餐前不加冠词，chicken小鸡是可数 鸡肉时不可以数，fruit生果总类不可以数，生果品种是可数，for＋某餐＋sb like固定句式 for lunch i like eating ，on sale 促销，正出售，for sale待售 at a good price 商铺－shop英国 规划小 store美国规划大，clothes只需复数方法 many润饰，in表穿戴时＋颜色，衣裳，辫子，帽子，眼镜 i will take it 买，拿，get，you are welcome答复谢谢 That's all right回答抱愧等 in跟泛指年月时节和周 on是具体的某个早中晚，have/hold a party，take/make a trip，a round trip往复旅程，because of跟名词 动名词，代词引导状语从句，hour还可指不断定的某一时刻和时刻 at this late hour在这么晚的时分，还可指固定的时刻 office hours are from 7am to 6pm，subject有学科的意思 who are you waiting for=whom are you waiting for ，whom是who的宾格，study English on经过 the radio，two sets套 of books，over是不触摸的正上方反义是under，above是不触摸的上方不必定是正上方，反义是below，bread 不可以数 ，three thousand不加s，thousands of不计其数要加s，hundred也相同，3+2=5three and two is five,减用minus，乘用multiply，除divide，序数词 twentieth，fortieth，thirteenth，hundredth，twenty fourth，draw－drew－drawn素描，be good at=do well in， tell story，tell sb sth，tell sb to do sth，say this word， speak a little Chinese，be good with对啥有办法，长于唐塞啥的，be good to 对xx友爱，call sb at+电话号码，get dressed表穿衣裳的动作 he can get dressed，be dressed in表穿戴的状况，early一起具有adj和adv的用法，two pieces of work两份作业，exercise可数时作操练，习题，体操，不可以数时作运动，训练，sometimes有时，some times一些次数，sometime某个时分，some time 一段时刻，具体时刻几点几分只能用what time发问不能用when，年月日期时只能用when ，take the subway地铁，he sometimes takes a bus,every day每一天名词性短语作状语 everyday描述词，每天i study everyday English every day,what do you think of = how do you like你认为xx怎么样？ one 11-year old， a four-day trip, be afraid to do/doing后者偏重惧怕做某事发生的成果be afraidthat...beafraid of sth，look like指表面，be like既指表面也指性格，脱离某地 leave+地址，启航去某地 leave for，dream of/about愿望…，arrive in大当地/at小当地，listen to music，be honest rather clever诚笃比聪明更要紧， dress sb给xx穿衣裳，put on 穿的动作，wear穿的状况，practice my English 跟名词和practice playing violin跟动名词 ，它本身也可作名词，too many people， too much homework，much too fat太胖，many/much-more-most，i can't relex either（too用于疑问和必定句不能用于否定句）feel感触：how do you feel about all these changes. 摸起来-系动词(用法和sound,smell等相同） the silk feels very soft. Be strict with sb对或人需求严肃，be strict in sth对某事需求严肃。 remember to do记住要去做（未做），remember doing sth记住做过(已做）。 keep + 宾语+描述词，副词，如今分词，介词短语，have to客观的不得不，must片面的不得不。 must i stay here after school? Yes, you must. No,you needn’t/you don’t have to. Mustn’t标明阻止， don't have to标明不必， let's do sth 必定答复 OK/SURE/All right/ good idea 否定答复 no,let’s/sorry,i... 标明提主张的句型：shall we do..? why don’t you do...? why not do...? what/how about doing...? let’s do.../ would you like to do ...? kind of = a little/a bit/a little bit all kinds of flower林林总总的 different kinds of animals不一样品种的, she sleeps all day(whole day) , friendly是描述词... to对xx友爱。 how are you getting along with your new classmates? Get lost = be lost = lose one’s way in+名词构成的短语：in need, in trouble,in fact,in deed(的确，真实）cut down trees. Be made of由xx制成可见原材料the desk made of wood be made from看不见原材料salt is made from sea water. newspaper是可数名词，news是不可以数名词，paper纸张不可以数，paper试卷论文是可数， washing the dishes= do the dishes, do the washing洗衣裳, drink一般为不可以数，假定是饮料品种或份数时 为可数名词，drink tea不可以数， wish sb to do sth i wish to visit sanya, i wish you to go, wish sb sth祝福或人某事, wish+ that从句标明难以完成的期望, hope to do sth, hope +that从句可以完成的期望。 any other 任何另外，任何其他的 tom runs faster than any other boy(奇数） in his class， any other+奇数= the other+复数。Other 另外的常与复数名词和不可以数名词运用other teachers,other information. Others=other+复数名词（不是悉数） the others= the other+复数名词（悉数其他的人或物）some of the pens are red, the others are black只需赤色和黑色; some of the pens are green,others are blue除了绿色和蓝色可以还有其他颜色。another另一个 泛指许多中的一个，i got two pens: one is red, the other is green; i got 3 pens,one is red,another is white, and the third is green.
如今进行时:重读闭音节子音结束动词双写子音字母+ing，putting，以不发音的字母结束去掉字母+ing-making，以ie结束的重读开音节单词变ie为y+ing dying，tying，lying，there is rain=it is raining=it is rainy，fine weather晴天，take a message捎口信，could i 最初的语句答复用，yes，you can，dry使单调，don't cry dry.your eyes, vi，变干vt，the wet will dry,have a good time/fun/enjoy(in)doing sth, on(a)vacation,they are on a vacation, they go on a vacation ,如今进行时表将来，按方案或组织即将发生的动作-go, come,start,leave,arrive，he is leaving guangzhou tomorrow.和always连用表达某种豪情颜色,赞扬，不满，厌烦，he is always helping others,he is always losing his key,感官动词没有进行时态see，hear，sound，taste，表豪情，情绪，心思状况的动词没有进行时态like，want，believe，hope，love，hate，副词和介词across和go分配运用，across from在xx对面，恰当于on the other side 或opposite，cross=go across ，花费 sb人 spend in doing，cost前面是sth物，it takes sb some time to do，often用法一般用一般如今时，he often helps others，there be后边用两个以上主语时be动词单复数方法以迩来的主语来变，there is a Apple and two pears，there is some money，there are some living things in that planet， there are a lots of sheep，高tall指人或建筑物，high指笼统的空间方位和程度的高，山，may be作谓语，maybe作状语，she may be a teacher,maybe she is a teacher, 润饰可数名词 必定用 a few/few，润饰不可以数用a little/little,she has a few.friends,she has few friends, a pair of glasses is there，medium build指身高，what size would you like 问询尺码 ，the number of 跟名词复数但谓语用奇数is，a number of跟名词复数但谓语用复数are，都标明许多xx， blow it out in/at one go一口气吹完，be popular with遭到xx等待，would you like some coffee？yes please/no，thanks，would you like to go with me？yes i would like或 love/i would like或love to but i am busy，im afraid not，are there any……？必定答复是yes there some……，否定答复是no there isn't any……都可润饰可数和不可以数名词，milked a cow挤奶，worry作vi时要分配about，don't worry about him=don't be worried about him，hear偏重听到了断果，hear sb do听到或人做了，hear sb doing 听到或人正在做，一般曩昔时，曩昔发生或曩昔常常习气性地发生， 以子音字母+y结束的动词改y为i+ed，单复同形fish，sheep，deer，Chinese，japanese，对xx厌烦 be tired of...,熬夜 stay up late，
8大学英语quite a few 不少，恰当多，润饰可数名词，quite a little润饰不可以数， seems to be/seemed to be/seemed that...如同，如同，看来，try doing测验做某事，try to do是极力做某事 different from,不一样，difference between差异，anything用于否定句和疑问句，something用于必定句和标明聘请和恳求的语句中，would you like something to drink，hardly ever几乎没有，历来没有，ever，早年，历来，how often do you watch tv? twice a week/once问询次数和频率，how soon 多久今后问询， maybe he is ill,so he may be at home, but比however口气更激烈，but不需要逗号直接引导分句，though=although不能和but连用，i can both speak and.write chinese well / both of the movies are good, 赢得第一win first place. my mother told me a good friend is like a mirror真理格言如今时， make sb do动词原形，可了解为省掉to的不定式， 主将从现，主情从现，reach for sth伸手够某物，the weather is becoming hoter and hoter ， the taller of the two students，两个中较高的那个学生，
Play a role in doing... the story is made up编造，make oneself up给或人扮装，make up the medicine构成， take... seriously注重，细心对待， mind doing..介意... would you mind (my) opening the window?必定答复certainly not/not at all/ 否定答复i wish you wouldn’t， hope to do sth/hope + that从句， i hope/wish to see you tomorrow(wish标明明日可以来不了），i wish you to come tomorrow（只需wish有wish sb to do sth的规划）i hope you to come（这是错的），i hope to find out ... can't stand waiting any more不能忍耐, i can’t stand the hot weather, happen发生 呈现（偶尔发生），an accident happened yesterday/what happened to you? Take place发生，举办（方案）happen可巧 i happened to see him on my way home/ it happened thati saw him on my way home. Be famous for 因..而知名， be famous 作为..而知名， be famous to为...所熟知。 appear on TV/in a film/in a play/ on the stage/ he became mad成果/ the milk went bad不太好的成果/ the leaves turn yellow in autumn颜色，气候/the boy grew stronger and stronger. 表可以：Can无必定,could,may无疑问,might， he was alwaysready totry his best.
动词不定式作宾语 we decided to visit out grandpa/she wants to buy a new.../they all agreed to gowith him, think/find/ feel +it+描述词+动词不定式 i主find谓 it方法宾语 difficult宾补to do the job well
动名词和不定式的差异：stop doing sth中止做某事 stop to do sth停下往来不断做另一件事，forget doing sth,forget to do sth, send 邮递，送，send for 派人去请。 be able to可接各种时态/ can/could。 Promise to do/ promise +that/promise sb sth.make a promise, keep one’s promise, break one’s promise, at the beginning of ...在xx初步，in/at the beginning起先， take up a hobby学着做，初步做，占用， take off起飞，脱下，take away拿走，take after长得像，take down 记下，恰当于write down， to questioned the idea of making resolution, what’s the meaning of...？What does...mean? What do you mean by...? discuss sth with sb, 一般将来时 be going to（事前方案，片面上即将发生） +动词原形， look at the black clouds,it is going to rain. Play a part in ...参加..在..中发扬作用， human差异于动物，person无性另外人，people一般作复数来讲，man(kind) 作人和人类的时分不能加不定冠词a
