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(英文有些选自散文《体育精力》 乔治·奥威尔 著)
【温馨提示】
自创译文,这篇文章难度较小,专业术语少,故标示在每段底下。
(1)now that the brief visit of the dynamo football team has come to an end, it is possible to say publicly what many thinking people were saying privately before the dynamos ever arrived. that is, that sport is an unfailing cause of ill-will, and that if such a visit as this had any effect at all on anglo-soviet relations, it could only be to make them slightly worse than before.
和迪纳摩队的时刻短参议告一期间,送走了他们,如今咱们可以把一些事公之于众了,在球队来访之前,这些事可是万万不可以明说的。这些思维活泼的人认为,体育是万恶之源,发生连绵不断的歹意:这次参议,纤细损害了英苏两国的交际联络。
【词汇与布景常识】
fc dynamo moscow:莫斯科迪纳摩足球沙龙,树立于1923年。是一家位于俄罗斯莫斯科的足球沙龙,也是俄罗斯足球超级联赛球队之一。它的主体育场是莫斯科区域的莫斯科迪纳摩体育场,是和莫斯科中心陆军足球沙龙共用希姆基竞技场。它是迪纳摩体育会的一个构成有些。
anglo:英国人
(2)even the newspapers have been unable to conceal the fact that at least two of the four matches played led to much bad feeling. at the arsenal match, i am told by someone who was there, a british and a russian player came to blows and the crowd booed the referee. the glasgow match, someone else informs me, was simply a free-for-all from the start. and then there was the controversy, typical of our nationalistic age, about the composition of the arsenal team. was it really an all-england team, as claimed by the russians, or merely a league team, as claimed by the british? and did the dynamos end their tour abruptly in order to avoid playing an all-england team? as usual, everyone answers these questions according to his political predilections. not quite everyone, however. i noted with interest, as an instance of the vicious passions that football provokes, that the sporting correspondent of the russophile news chronicle took the anti-russian line and maintained that arsenal was not an all-england team. no doubt the controversy
will continue to echo for years in the footnotes of history books. meanwhile the result of the dynamos tour, in so far as it has had any result, will have been to create fresh animosity on both sides.
报纸都招认了这一成果:4场赛中,至少2场带来了不良心境。我传闻在他们与阿森纳队的竞赛中,一名英国球员跟俄国球员在赛场上撕打起来,观众们对裁判也是非常不满,纷繁喝倒彩。而在对阵格拉斯哥的竞赛中,我又传闻这场竞赛从一初步,就纪律紊乱。而阿森纳队也引发了咱们不小的争议,这也是很正常的,究竟我们都很爱国:俄国人说它是正宗的英国队;英国人却说它只配踢踢联赛,打打杂;俄国队会因为与他们对垒的是“正宗英国队”而中止这场竞赛吗?我们议论纷纷,不过自个的政治情绪还对错常显着的。大大都人都参加进来了,尽管还有些人在一旁张望。我也饶有兴致的留心到,一位来自亲俄《新闻编年报》的体育记者竟然站在反俄的情绪上,声称阿森纳队根柢不是“正宗英国队”。在前史的角落里,这场论争还会持续数年。而毫无疑问的是,俄国队的这次来访,必定在两边国家的账簿里新添了难以抹去的一笔。
【词汇与布景常识】
arsenal f.c:阿森纳足球沙龙,是一家位于英国首都伦敦北部伊斯灵顿社区的足球沙龙。树立于1886年,是英格兰足球超级联赛球队之一,沙龙基方位于伦敦荷洛。阿森纳是英格兰前史上最具规划的沙龙之一,亦是英格兰顶级足球联赛停留得最久的沙龙。自沙龙树立以来,共夺得13次英格兰顶级联赛冠军,3次英超冠军,14次英格兰足总杯冠军和2次英格兰联赛杯冠军。
rangers f.c.:格拉斯哥流浪者足球沙龙,树立于1872年3月1日 ,是苏格兰超级联赛球队之一,球队主场位于格拉斯哥西南部的埃布罗克斯球场。与同城夙敌凯尔特人足球沙龙的竞赛即为世界足坛闻名的“老字号德比”,两队独占苏格兰联赛跨越100年。20
12年流浪者因债款被逼破产,球队重组,被罚入乙级联赛(苏格兰的第四等级联赛)从头初步。
blow:冲击
boo:喝倒彩
predilection:喜爱
russophile:亲俄派
animosity:歹意
(3)and how could it be otherwise? i am always amazed when i hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. even if one didnt know from concrete examples (the 1936 olympic games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
否则呢?横竖我是不信别人说的那一套,说体育会加深两国友谊,假定在球场上对垒,今后就不会在战场上兵戎相见。我觉得,就算是你不晓得前史,比方1936年的奥运会就激起了激烈的敌视,最少你可以从体育竞赛的常识中揣度出来吧。
【词汇与布景常识】
the 1936 berlin olympic games:第11届夏日奥林匹克运动会即1936年柏林奥运会。1934年,在世界奥委会雅典会议上抉择,恢复有些古代奥运会旧制。规则运动会时刻,从开幕日期至闭幕式止,在主体场燃烧奥林匹克圣火。火种有必要来自奥林匹亚,采纳火炬接力方法从奥林匹亚传到主办国。从本届奥运会起,点着奥林匹克火焰是每届奥运会开幕式不可以短少的典礼
之一。
orgy:放纵
(4)nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. you play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. on the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved. it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. at the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. but the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe — at any rate for short periods — that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
一切的体育竞赛,几乎都逃不了“竞技”二字。你来就是为了拿奖的,竭尽全力,力求上游,来的才有意义。在村庄的草坪上嬉戏,你和小火伴们分红两队,你追我赶,这样的玩耍才称得上是为了放松,训练而玩的,不存在爱不爱国的疑问。一旦上升到你自个荣誉的高度,你自个的输赢会影响到你的整个团队,那你心里最粗野的斗争知道便唤醒了。哪怕你只踢过校内球赛,也能了解这种感触。世界球赛根柢就是军事冲突的缩影。队员们的体现其实无关重要,观众的情绪步崆最首要的:观众不和,其实是整个国家。面临这场荒诞的竞赛,它们都怒不可以遏,还煞有介事的认为,就这么短的时刻,跑个步,跳个高,踢个球,竟然可以断定它们孰优孰劣。
【词汇与布景常识】
village green:村庄草坪
(5)even a leisurely game like cricket, demanding grace rather than strength, can cause much ill-will, as we saw in the controversy over body-line bowling and over the rough tactics of the australian team that visited england in 1921. football, a game in which everyone gets hurt and every nation has its own style of play which seems unfair to foreigners, is far worse. worst of all is boxing. one of the most horrible sights in the world is a fight between white and coloured boxers before a mixed audience. but a boxing audience is always disgusting, and the behaviour of the women, in particular, is such that the army, i believe, does not allow them to attend its contests. at any rate, two or three years ago, when home guards and regular troops were holding a boxing tournament, i was placed on guard at the door of the hall, with orders to keep the women out.
板球是一种轻松的体育项目,更垂青选手的典雅,而不是力气。就连这种轻松的活动都能引发恶性心境。比方1921年,澳大利亚队来英国竞赛引发了不小的争议,他们的打法即对错常粗暴的快速投球。这还不算啥,足球这种每个国家玩法不必定运动才更要命,因为标准纷歧,所以可以会对外国人不公正;而且赛场上,受伤都是粗茶淡饭。更惊骇的就是拳击了,是非对手各站一边,观众也肤色纷歧,不过都不是啥好人,特别是女人,所以部队不许女人来看拳击赛。在两三年前,当地自愿军和标准军之间打过一次拳击赛,那时分我仍是个门卫,看守着大门,不让妇女们进入。
【词汇与布景常识】
home guards:第次世界大战时组织的英国当地军;当地自愿军
boxing audience is always disgusting:拳击运动是强敌对的运动,竞赛时两边的敌对局势瞬间万变,需求运建议能在极短的时刻内精确地晓得对手的情况,一起还要灵敏作出相应的判别并采纳相应的行为,使用强有力的身体和熟练的技能、多变的战术进行进犯和防卫,而且要具有打败对手的决心和英勇坚强的意志质量,然后打败对手。
早年,在观看拳击竞赛的现场,观众拍摄时用亮光灯,坐在前排的观众,向运建议挥舞和抛掷物品。和看其他体育竞赛相同,在拳手击中对手的时分,鼓动运建议击打现已倒地的对手,起哄或许向失利的一方宣告嘘声或吹口哨。
cricket:板球,又称木球,是一项训练手眼的调和才能,集上肢动作控制才能、技巧与力气为一体的归纳性运动。竞赛项目为集体赛。
body-line bowling:快速投球
(6)in england, the obsession with sport is bad enough, but even fiercer passions are aroused in young countries where games playing and nationalism are both recent developments. in countries like india or burma, it is necessary at football matches to have strong cordons of police to keep the crowd from invading the field. in burma, i have seen the supporters of one side break through the police and disable the goalkeeper of the opposing side at a critical moment.?
英国人对体育的痴迷现已构成了一些恶劣影响,但在另外一些重生国家更为显着:它们的体育竞赛刚起步,就搀杂着激烈的爱国主义要素。比方印度和缅甸,足球场都拉起戒备线,以防民众冲出场所。而在缅甸,就是戒备线都无法阻挡张狂的观众,我亲眼看见在要害时刻,一群观众冲出差人的重围,殴伤对方门将,致其残废。
【词汇与布景常识】
cordon:戒备线
the first big football match that was played in spain about fifteen years ago led to an uncontrollable riot. as soon as strong feelings of rivalry are aroused, the notion of playing the game according to the rules always vanishes. people want to see one side on top and the other side humiliated, and they forget that victory gained through cheating or through the intervention of the crowd is meaningless. even when the spectators dont intervene physically they try to influence the game by cheering their own side and “rattling” opposing players with boos and insults. serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. it is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting.
回到欧洲,西班牙的第一场球赛,大约是15年前了,那次的冲突直接致使了一场暴动。我们激烈的敌对知道一旦唤醒,怎么可以再持续老厚道实的按着规则竞赛呢?他们只想赢,看见己方胜出,好侮辱对方,殊不知经过作弊这样羞耻的办法,获得的成果再高,都是没有意义的。观众也是如此,不让亲自参加,他们就用喝彩的方法迎候己方球员,而用嘲讽的声响驱赶对方的队员。早年的体育项目是严厉的,如今却连公正都做不到。它充溢着敌视,吃醋,骄傲,无视规则,以及观看暴力作业的反常快感:这几乎就是一场战争,只不过没有真枪实弹算了。
【词汇与布景常识】
rattling:使...严峻
sadistic:优待狂的
(7)instead of blah-blahing about the clean, healthy rivalry of the football field and the great part played by the olympic games in bringing the nations together, it is more useful to inquire how and why this modern cult of sport arose. most of the games we now play are of ancient origin, but sport does not seem to have been taken very seriously between roman times and the nineteenth century. even in the english public schools the games cult did not start till the later part of the last century.?
说真话,整天嘚啵啥安康单纯的竞赛,还说奥运会的最大优点就是加深国家间的友谊,在我看来根柢没用,与其如此倒不如抚躬自问,体育竞赛的这些歪风邪气究竟从何而来。咱们如今的竞赛都是前史悠长的,但在古罗马,甚至19世纪,体育竞赛都不是啥重要的作业。就算是英国公学,注重体育竞赛的传统也是上世纪末刚刚初步。
【词汇与布景常识】
cult:邪典
dr arnold, generally regarded as the founder of the modern public school, looked on games as simply a waste of time. then, chiefly in england and the united states, games were built up into a heavily-financed activity, capable of attracting vast crowds and rousing savage passions, and the infection spread from country to country. it is the most violently combative sports, football and boxing, that have spread the widest.?
托马斯·阿诺德是英国现代公学之父,他自己就认为体育竞赛纯属浪费时刻。此后,竞赛就成了需要许多资金撑持的项目,招引许多观众,激起我们的粗野赋性,随后这种习尚就像病毒相同,一初步在英美,后来一个国家一个国家的感染。足球和拳击赛是暴力程度最大的,因而也传达的最广。
【词汇与布景常识】
thomas arnold:托马斯·阿诺德(1795—1842)英国近代教育家。1807年入文彻斯特公学。首要作品有《罗马史》和一些布道文章。
在他1840年3月18日写给文学家赫尔的信中写到“这场对我国的鸦片战争……我认为是凶暴的,关于一个国家这是无比严峻的污点,使我深感哀叹。能否以示威或其它方法唤醒我们对咱们这可怕的罪行的知道?我真实不能在任何前史中找到如此不公与鄙俗。一般的侵略战争没有如此凶暴,一场为了维护走私的战争,而且是带给我国被他们阻止的伤风败俗毒品的走私,而咱们为了挣钱以武力在这场冲突中以烧杀体现咱们所谓优胜感。”
there cannot be much doubt that the whole thing is bound up with the rise of nationalism — that is, with the lunatic modern habit of identifying oneself with large power units and seeing everything in terms of competitive prestige. also, organised games are more likely to flourish in urban communities where the average human being lives a sedentary or at least a confined life, and does not get much opportunity for creative labour. in a rustic community a boy or young man works off a good deal of his surplus energy by walking, swimming, snowballing, climbing trees, riding horses, and by various sports involving cruelty to animals, such as fishing, cock-fighting and ferreting for rats.?
不过这悉数都因“爱国主义”而生:啥集体主义精力啦,带出名利的眼光看竞赛啦,等等。而且这些组织好的竞赛,我觉得在城区,会有非常好的打开,因为那里的人都久坐不动,整天的日子都跟笼中鸟没啥差异,也不太可以从事啥立异式的作业。村庄人就有许多寻开心的土办法:男孩子精力旺盛,就经过暴走,游水,打雪仗,爬树,骑马耗费膂力;有些就对动物比照残暴了:比方垂钓,斗鸡,还有抓老鼠。
【词汇与布景常识】
rustic:村庄
ferret:寻找
in a big town one must indulge in group activities if one wants an outlet for ones sadistic impulses. games are taken seriously in london and new york, and they were taken seriously in rome and byzantium: in the middle ages they were played, and probably played with much physical brutality, but they were not mixed up with politics nor a cause of group hatreds.
大城市里要想输出精力就不简略了,你得参加团队活动才行。伦敦纽约比照注重体育活动,就像早年,罗马和拜占庭也建议体育:中世纪的时分,体育都是很初始粗野的,就是这样,也没传闻有多少竞赛能激起血海深仇,或是掺杂政治要素。
【词汇与布景常识】
byzantium:拜占庭,即东罗马帝国,国都君士坦丁堡,是在希腊古城拜占庭的基础上树立起来的,到了皇帝查士丁尼在位时,又将北非以西、意大利和西班牙的东南并入地图。554年,打败法兰克王国,拜占廷帝国的国力抵达顶峰。1204年,拜占廷帝国的首都君士坦丁堡曾被第四次十字军东征攻陷,直到1261年光复。1453年5月29日,奥斯曼帝国苏丹穆罕默德二世率军攻入君士坦丁堡(今为伊斯坦布尔),拜占廷帝国正式消亡。
(8)if you wanted to add to the vast fund of ill-will existing in the world at this moment, you could hardly do it better than by a series of football matches between jews and arabs, germans and czechs, indians and british, russians and poles, and italians and jugoslavs, each match to be watched by a mixed audience of 100,000 spectators. i do not, of course, suggest that sport is one of the main causes of international rivalry; big-scale sport is itself, i think, merely another effect of the causes that have produced nationalism. still, you do make things worse by sending forth a team of eleven men, labelled as national champions, to do battle against some rival team, and allowing it to be felt on all sides that whichever nation is defeated will “lose face”.
假定你想让这个充溢敌视的世界再乱一点,你完全可以用举办球赛的办法:犹太队vs阿拉伯队,德国队vs捷克队,英国队vs印度队,俄国队vs波兰队,意大利队vs南斯拉夫队;每场竞赛两边观众共10万人。我倒不是说竞赛是两国敌对的本源,我只是觉得这种大局势的竞赛,本身就简略引发我们的爱国情怀。而且你派出的这11个队员,就算都是国内的天花板,和对手竞赛,输的一方“丢人”,其实也无意之间加剧了两边的歹意。
【词汇与布景常识】
?jews and arabs:说起中东的犹太人和阿拉伯人,绝大大都人都晓得如今是仇视的情况。光是大的战争二战之后就发生了五次,其他的小规划战争更多非常多。关于犹太人和阿拉伯人之间的敌对由来,可以说非常凌乱。不只有前史要素、还有民族要素、宗教要素、疆域要素等。而且这个敌对可以说构成的时刻也比照久,因为两边在这片土地汕罢子了几千年的时刻了。
首要需要阐明的是,犹太人和阿拉伯人尽管是仇视联络,可是是同一个祖先的。犹太人和阿拉伯人都认为亚伯拉罕是自个的祖先,而且犹太教和伊斯兰教的有许多一起之处的。犹太人日子的当地是在巴勒斯坦区域,这是天主容许他们的当地。后来在第七个歉岁的时分逃到了埃及去,之后又在摩西的带领下回到了这个当地,初步建国。
关于犹太人咱们总认为他们擅长经商,不过阿拉伯人当年也非常擅长经商,世界各地都有他们的影子。所以在很长一段时刻内,阿拉伯人都掌控世界的生意。而在巴勒斯坦区域阿拉伯人和犹太人都是平缓共处的。一向到进入近代之后作业初步发生了改变。近代的时分犹太人越来越擅长经商。特别是巴勒斯坦区域的犹太人大都都比照有钱。可是他们人数少,所以的确存在压榨阿拉伯人的表象。此时两边初步有了敌对,不过并不严峻。一战之后,敌对初步激化了。
敌对激化是多方面缘由。第一是疆域的削减。1921年英国以约旦河为界,把巴勒斯坦一分为二,西部仍称巴勒斯坦,东部树立外约旦酋。也就是说巴勒斯坦区域难以想象少了一半,而约旦又把自个疆域上的犹太人和阿拉伯人都赶到巴勒斯坦了。第二是巴勒斯坦区域的犹太人急剧添加。在英国的撑持下,许多的犹太人移民巴勒斯坦。阿拉伯人的生计空间是越来越难。第三就是二战后以色列和巴勒斯坦建国之后,可以说敌对完全激化了。整个阿拉伯世界初步联合起来对立犹太人,一向对立到如今。不过因为两边不和实力的缘由,阿拉伯人一向没占到啥廉价。到当前中止都两边仍是仇视状况。
?germans and czechs:二战前捷克对苏台德区域日耳曼人进行虐待。捷克与德国之间的民族敌对并引发的捷克人对日耳曼民族的粗野作业,现已给希特勒的侵略落下了口实。纳粹侵略苏台德区域时,苏台德的德裔人曾火热等待他们。
5月,德军从苏台德区域撤离,苏军和美军进驻这一区域,捷克各地对苏台德徳裔人的驱赶毫无次序可言,施行者大多为当地政府官员或部队武士,这批人办法异常残暴,对苏台德德意志人进行了张狂的报复。他们任意掠取苏台德德意志人的工业,对在战争时刻跟从党卫队的苏台德德意志人进行了非人的优待。在这时刻,苏台德区域照常保存了维护国时期的粮食配给准则,可是苏台德德意志人被给予的可用粮食越来越少,致使许多人在这一时刻饿死街头。除此之外,苏台德德意志人被阻止参加任何文娱活动、只能在固守时刻固定地址购物,而且,未经答应禁绝私行替换居住区。
捷克的这一行为激起了苏台德德意志人的抵挡,为了阻止抵挡者的行为,捷克政府在苏台德区域树立了1215个会集营,846个强行劳作所和纪律中心,以及215个监狱,对企图抵挡的苏台德德意志人,视其罪行的轻重,别离予以关押。其间最有名的当数纳粹德国运用过的特莱西恩施塔会集营。自德国打败后,这一会集营便被捷克政府用来关押苏台德德意志人。里边关押的多是苏台德区域的儿童和青少年,他们遭到的罪行较之前纳粹对犹太人施行的罪行千篇一律。许多的苏台德德意志人不得善终。
1945年5月30日夜,2万名德裔被集体性驱赶,强行他们步行56公里去奥有利地势。因为德裔成年男性都成了战俘,所以被强行行进的多是妇孺老幼。最惨的是,当他们总算抵达边境,驻守的苏联戎行却阻止他们过境,让他们回来。这一路招认的去世人数达800名,这件事被称为“布尔诺去世行军”。这一时刻,不计其数的苏台德德意志人死于暴力作业、自杀或许是饥饿以及疾病。
此外,捷克人对苏台德德意志人的暴力残杀作业时有发生。1945年6月18日,在从布希纳前往莫什捷尼采的火车上,265名苏台德德意志人(其间包括71名男人,120名女子,74名儿童)被捷克武士拽下火车,带到捷克城外区域,被强逼为自个挖一个坟场。随后,这165名苏台德德意志人悉数被射死。
?indians and british:英国与印度早年是殖民者与被殖民者的联络,印巴独立后,印度又变成了英联邦成员。英国从17世纪前期,便初步对印度施行一系列的殖民活动。到了19世纪后期,英国直接控制了印度三分之二的疆域,英国国王兼任印度皇帝。至此英国对印度的控制根柢构成,这一局势一向连续到了1947年印巴独立。
russians and poles:1939年9月1月,纳粹德国侵略波兰。9月17日苏联出动戎行波兰。驻守波兰东部区域的波兰军警及官员约25万人被俘。苏联内务部奉斯大林指示对被俘波军进行政治辨别作业,之后辨别出的一万五千名军官后,斯大林命令将其押送到卡廷森林悉数就地枪决。而且将这些栽赃给了纳粹德国,一向到1990年4月波兰总统雅鲁泽尔斯基访苏时,戈尔巴乔夫才将有关材料交给波兰领导人,至此半世纪的鬼话才被戳穿。
italians and jugoslavs:1941年4月6日,纳粹德国对南斯拉夫建议了突击。面临配备到牙齿的德王法西斯,南斯拉夫戎行反抗了十来天就在4月17日宣告屈服了。在德国建议的这场侵略战争中,意大利作为纳粹德国的小弟,也跟着一同凑热烈,派出戎行去了南斯拉夫。看看这些当年二战意大利戎行在南斯拉夫的拍的相片,感触意呆利真是名副其实。这些意大利兵士,感触一个个玩得好嗨。后来他们的对手南斯拉夫游击队,可是凶狠得很,让意大利人吃了不少苦头。在南斯拉夫,一名被游击队俘虏的德军军官非常惊奇地问:“你们哪来的反坦克炮啊?”当游击队员告诉他是从他们的盟军——意大利人手里缉获的后,他慨叹不已:“唉!这些心爱的意大利人。”南斯拉夫游击队都慨叹,他们是来担任搞笑的。
(9)i hope, therefore, that we shant follow up the visit of the dynamos by sending a british team to the ussr. if we must do so, then let us send a second-rate team which is sure to be beaten and cannot be claimed to represent britain as a whole. there are quite enough real causes of trouble already, and we need not add to them by encouraging young men to kick each other on the shins amid the roars of infuriated spectators.
因而我期望,不必礼尚交游,再派一队英国队员去俄国了。就算必需要送的话,仍是派一支二流球队比照好,他们必输无疑,也就无法阐明“正宗英国队”究竟是啥样。如今世界间的敌对现已很凌乱了,咱们没必要火上浇油,还让年青人在观众的吼怒中与对方争的有你没我。
战争是老头子的游戏,却要年青人送命!赫伯特·胡佛