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1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study
语言学的定义和研究的范围
2. Important distinctions in Linguistics
语言学的一些重要区分
3. The definition and the design features of language
语言的定义与识别特征
4. Functions of language
语言的功能
本章考点：
1. 有关语言学的常考考点
语言学的定义；语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2. 有关语言的常考考点
语言的定义；语言的识别特征(任意性、能产性、二重性、移位性、文化传递)；语言的功能。
本章内容索引：
I. The definition of linguistics
II. The scope of linguistics
1. Micro-linguistics
2. Macro-linguistics
III. Some important distinctions in linguistics
1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
2. Synchronic vs. Diachronic
3. Speech vs. Writing
4. Langue vs. Parole
5. Competence vs. Performance
6. 
Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics
IV. The definition of language
V. The design features of language
1. Arbitrariness
2. Productivity
3. Duality
4. Displacement
5. Cultural Transmission
6. Interchangeability
VI. Functions of language
1. Main functions
2. Basic functions
3. Macrofuntions
I. The definition of linguistics（语言学的定义）
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
语言学通常被定义为对语言进行科学性研究的学科。
它之所以是一种科学研究，是因为它是以对语言学数据的系统调研为基础，以语言结构的某种普遍理论为参照展开研究的。
II. The scope of linguistics（语言学的研究范畴）
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
作为整体而言的语言研究通常被称为普通语言学。
1. Micro-linguistics (from the core of 
linguistics) （微观语言学）
Phonetics: the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
Phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
Morphology: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
Syntax: the study of the rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.
Semantics: the study of meaning.
Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of language use.
语音学：对语言交际中所使用的语音的研究。
音系学：对在交际中语音是如何被组合在一起、如何用来传递意义等问题的研究。
形态学：对于语言符号的排列方式和构词的组合方式的研究。
句法学：对支配构成语法所允许的句子的单词的组合的规则的研究。
语义学：对于意义的研究。
语用学：对具体语境中语言的意义的研究。
2. Macro-linguistics (from the relation with other fields)（宏观语言学）
Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch.
Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.
Applied linguistics: The study of the applications of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly, it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
社会语言学：对语言的所有社会层面以及它与社会的关系的研究。
心理语言学：对语言及它与心理的关系的研究。
应用语言学：对应用语言解决实际问题的研究，如用于恢复言语等。从狭义上来讲，应用语言学指的是将语言学理论和原则应用于语言教学中，尤其是外语和第二语言教学。
III. Some important distinctions in linguistics（语言学中一些重要的区分）
1. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive（描写式与规定式）
