- A+
一般现在时的用法1)?? 表示不受时限的客观存在:指包括真理,格言,科学事实及其他不受时限的事实
2)?? 表示现在习惯动作:常用来表示现在时间里某种动作的经常性和习惯性,上述用法的一般现在时常与频度副词连用,常见的频度副词:always,ever,frequently,...
3)?? 表示现时状态和现在瞬间动作:通常都带有一定的持续性,因此只适用于静态动词。e.g: someone’s at the door,carol.
???? 此种情况只适用于表示短暂动作的动态动词。这种动作转瞬即逝,几乎与说话时间同时岂止,甚至话音未落动作完成。例如用在对快速体育运动的实况报导中。如:harper passes the ball to jennings; jennings shoots and ...
???? 这一用法也常见于戏法表演,技术操作表演等的解说词中;也常见于一些专门用语或日常用语中。
i declare the meeting open.
i wish you all a happy new year.
4)?? 表将来时间
???? 第一种句型在i hope,i bet 等后面that- 分句中可用一般现在时表将来时:e.g:i hope you have a good time.
??? 第二种句型:see (to it) /make sure/ make certain + that- 分句。e.g: i’ll see (to it)/ make sure/ make certain (that) you don’t get lost.
???? 第三种句型:由 if/when引导的条件分句和时间分句。e.g:if it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.
5)?? 表过去时间:能用此用法动词:tell,say,hear,learn,gather等如:alice tells me you’re entering college next year. 一般现在时作为一种修辞手法也可用在叙事文或新闻报导中追述往事以增进描述的生动性和真实感。这就是所谓的“历史性现在时”如:i was just doing off in front of the television when my wife rushes in shouting that kitchen is on fire.
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一般过去时1)? 表示过去的时间:表示在特定过去的时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态如:we visited a factory last friday.
也可以表示过去的习惯动作。
he worked in a bank all his life.
一般过去时所表示的过去时间与现在时间不发生关系。因此,用一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成过去,现在不复存在
e.g:? he lived in shanghai for 20 years. (现在不住在上海)
? ? ? ? he has lived in shanghai for 20 years. (可能还住在上海,也可能刚搬走)
2)? 表示现在时间或将来时间
1.?表示婉转口气。如:did you want me? yes,i wondered if you could give me some help. 上述例子也能用一般现在时表示,但口气不如用一般过去时婉转。此用法只限于want,wonder,think,hope等少数几个词上
2.是在it’s time ... , i wish..., i’d rather... 等结构后的that-分句中,以及在某些条件句中,表示主观设想。如:it’s time you had a holiday./ i wish you lived closer to us./if only he didn’t drive so fast. 上述几例表示与现在事实相反的主观意想,又如:if i had the money now, i’d buy a car./if you went at about five o’clock tomorrow,you could... 上述几例用一般过去时表示与现在事实相反或表示对将来事态的主观设想。
现在进行时1)? 表示说话时正在进行的动作:what are you doing? i’m writting a letter.
现在进行体的这一用法与一般现在时的区别:用一般现在时往往带有长久的含义,而用现在进行时则表示暂时的含义
试比较:
he lives in shanghai. (指长久住在上海)
he is now living in shanghai. (指暂时住在上海)
the garden bridge crosses the suzhou... (不受时间限制)
the bus is now crossing the garden bridge.(暂时经过)
2)? 表示阶段一直在进行的动作:这种动作在说话时不一定正在进行。e.g: jane is studying law while her sister is doing pyhsics.
现在进行时的这一用法也表示一种暂时性。e.g: he works in a chemical factory.(经常性工作)/he is working in a chemical factory these days.(临时性工作)
现在进行时常与always,continually,constantly,for ever等频度状语连用,对现阶段经常发生的这一动作表示某种情感色彩。you are continually finding fault with me. 这一用法上,一般现在时只是说明事实,现在进行时多伴有感情色彩。
当然在特定的上下文中也可能不带感情色彩,频度状语反起强调作用。e.g: healthy and happy children are always playing.
3)? 表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作:通常是按照现在的计划安排近期内即将发生,i’m going to qingdao for the summer holiday.
用现在进行体表示将来时间,在句中或在上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语或其他依据,否则会意义不清。
e.g:? are you doing anything special tonight?
????????are you doing anything special now?
????????are you doing anything special?
4)? 表示刚刚过去的动作。e.g: you don’t believe it? you know i’m telling the truth.只适用于口语中某些表示说话的动词,如:tell,talk,say,exaggerate.
表示婉转口气,e.g: i’m hoping you’ll give me some advice.这一用法只限于hope,wonder 等少数几个动词。
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过去进行体1)? 表示过去某时正在进行的动作:过去进行时作这一用法时,通常也要把时间状语表示出来或者通过上下文把时间关系暗示出来。这种时间状语可以表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。e.g: what were you doing at 7 p.m.? 也可表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。e.g: from 1983 to 1988, he was teaching at yale.
基于上述用法,人们常在口语中和记述文中首先用过去进行体表示某种正在进行的动作为背景,并由此引出用一般过去时表示新的事态或情节。e.g: the students were still laughing, when the teacher stopped in.
2)? 表示过去的某种习惯动作:通常指过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯。e.g: george was getting up at five every day that week.
过去进行体也可与always, constantly, continually, for ever 等状语连用表示感情色彩。e.g: my brother was always losing his keys.
3)? 表示过去将来时间里的动作:过去进行体在一定上下文中也可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过去将来时态。如:they were leaving a few days later.过去进行体用在某些时间状语和条件状语分句中还可表示过去将来时间正在进行的动作。如:he promised not to mention this when he was talking to her.
4)? 表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作
a)????表示婉转口气:此用法只限于hope,want,wonder等动词,主要用来表示有礼貌的请求。如:i was wondering/wondered if you’d like to.../ i was hoping you could...
相比之下,过去进行体更加婉转,更加有礼貌,试比较:
i hope you can send me some books.
i hoped you could...
i am hoping you can...
i was hoping you could...
b)??表示主观臆想的情况
过去进行体这一用法仅限于某些固定结构
e.g:? i wish they were not talking so loudly.
???????? ?i’d rather you were going...
???????? ?would you stay a little longer, if you were enjoying yourself?
???????? ?if they were leaving tonight, i’d like to go with them.
??????? ?it is time we were leaving.
5)? 过去进行体与一般过去时用法比较。
a)?????? 表示已完成的动作用一般过去时,表示未完成的动作用过去进行时。
e.g:? i was reading a novel yesterday.(没读完)
?? ??????? i read a novel yesterday.
b)????? 一般过去时通常只说明过去某时发生某事,而过去进行体则侧重于动作持续的时间,而不仅是说明事实。e.g: it rained/ was raining all night.
c)?????? 在口语中,说话人表示所读内容是随便的,非故意地或者无一定目的性,常用过去进行体。e.g: i was talking to margaret the other day.
若是i talked to margaret the other day.给人的印象是我主动找她谈了话。
d)????? 注意一般过去时和过去进行时表示的动作的时间顺序
是比较:
when we arrived, she was making some fresh coffee.
when we arrived, she made some fresh coffee.
前一例表示到达时她正在煮咖啡,后一例表示到达以后她才煮了咖啡。
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现在完成体和现在完成进行体现在完成体有两个主要用法,“已完成”和“未完成”
?“已完成”指动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间(常指最近的过去时间)现在完成了,并与现在的情况有联系。e.g: he’s turned off the light.
“未完成”指动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在可能继续下去也可能刚刚结束如:he’s lived here since 1960.
两种用法则主要区别在于:“已完成”通常不与表示一般时间的状语连用,而“未完成”通常要与时间状语连用。
现在完成进行体带有进行体的持续性,暂时性和未完成性的含义时不能与现在完成体互换,如:who’s been eating my dinner?
who’s eaten my dinner?
前一例的含义是“剩下”后一例则表示“全吃光了”
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过去完成体的用法1.?????? “已完成”与“未完成”
2.?????? 在由when/before/after/until等连词引导的分句中其用法该句型中多半是以各用一般过去时,另一个用过去完成体。如:we had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
也有例外,如:由于连词before和after本身主体视动作的先后性,所以也能用两个一般过去时。
比较:the train (had) left before i reached the station.
也可以在以before引导的时间状语分句中用过去完成体,以强调动作的未实现或未完成。如:he offered me a drink before i had taken off my coat.
能同时使用两个过去完成体的场合极少。e.g: by the time i (had) recovered from the shock, he had disappeared.
3.?????? 过去完成体的想象性用法
过去完成体用在某些结构中可表示与过去时态相反的主观设想。
a)?????? 用于由if/if only/ as if 引导的分句中。e.g: if bernard had walked faster,everything would heve been all right./if only you had told me before.
b)????? 用于i wish, i’d rather 等结构后的that-分句中。e.g: i wish i had said that i couldn’t? come. / i would rather you had told her the truth.
c)?????? 用于expect,think,intend,mean(=intend),want,suppose等动词表示过去未曾实现的希望,打算或意图。e.g:i had intended to makea cake, but i ran out of time.
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完成时用法的几点补充1.?????? 完成体与since-分句
since分句常常指一个“时点”,所以分句中常用非持续性动词的一般过去时。
e.g: where have you been since i last met you in beijing?
since分句也可用持续性动词或静态动词的一般过去时,表示自从某一“时段”以来一直存在着某种时态。e.g:the house has been in
bad repair since he lived in it.
注意这里动词的一般过去时意味着动词所表示的动作或状态已经不存在了,即说话时“他”已经不住在那里,若要表示他还住在那里:...since he has lived in it.
2.?????? 完成体与have got/have got to
口语中have/has got 相当于have/has作“有”解
e.g:? i’ve got a knife.(= i have a knife.)
????????i’ve got no time.(= i have no time.)
另外,在一定的上下文中,have/have got to 作“必须”解相当于半助动词have/has to 如:we’ve got to do it now.(= we have to do it now.)
(have/has got to 的否定形式是haven’t/hasn’t got to.)
e.g: he hasn’t got to do it.(= he doesn’t have to do it.)
3. 完成体在“it is the first time that + that- 分句”中的使用。在“it is/ was/will be the first ?time +that-分句”结构中。当主句动词为is/will be 时,that-分句动词一律用现在完成时e.g: it’s the first time that i’ve been here. 主句动词为was时,that-分句动词通常用过去完成体间或也可用一般过去时。
在上述结构中,主句的主语还可用this,this evening,yesterday等,这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词。time还可由其他名词替代。
this is the tenth time (that)...
it’s the first month (that) ...
yesterday was the second time (that)...
?
表示将来时间的几种特殊情况1)? be going to +不定式
a)?????? 表“意图”即打算在将来做某事
b)????? 表“预见“,即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。e.g: i feel dizzy. i think i’m going to faint.
c)?????? be going to 表示的“意图”通常是事先经过考虑的。will +不定式所表示的“意图”,则是说话时刻临时想到的。在语境中,两者不可交替使用。
2)? be + -ing (现在进行时)
这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划,安排即将发生的动作,常用于表示位置转移的动词,如:go,come,leave,start,arrive等,也可用于其他动态动词。如:we’re leaving on friday.
以上说的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”,即说话时刻之前已经决定了的安排
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“be+-ing”和“be going to +不定式”都可表示现在已经决定好将做某事,这两个结构在某些语境中可以交替使用。e.g: she is getting/is going to get married this spring.但,如果主动词为come或go,在表示将来事态时,用现在进行体比用be going to 结构更为常见。如:we’re going to a concert tonight.
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用现在进行体表示将来时间有时带有其他情态意义。e.g: i’m not sitting on that hard seat. (= i won’t sit on that hard seat.)/ you’re not staying here any longer.(= i won’t allow you to stay here any longer.)
3)? be to + 不定式
a)?????? 表示按计划,安排即将发生的动作。如:i am to have tea with betty this afernoon.
b)????? 常见于报纸和广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。如:the queen is to visit japan next year. /the prime minister is to speak on television tonight.
c)?????? 表示命令,禁令或可能性等,如:you are to stand here. do you understand?/tell her she’s not to be back late.??? “be to +不定式”结构较常用于正式语体。
4)? 一般现在时:用一般现在时表示将来时间,常见于条件状语和时间状语分句。如:if she comes, i’ll tell her all about it./i’ll give it to you after i return.
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在主句中用一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来时态。如:he’s in all day sunday./tomorrow is saturday./the term starts on 23rd august.
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表示将来时间,一般现在时和现在进行体都常与表示位置移动的动词连用,而且都有按计划,安排的含义。但一般现在时所暗示的计划比较客观,因而更具有不可变易性而且用一般现在时表示将来在口气上也比用现在进行体更为正式。
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过去将来时间表示特例1)? was/were going to +不定式 表示将来,用此句型还可表示动作或事态,也可以是没有实现的意图。e.g: last sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained.
2)? was/were to + 不定式 用was/were to +不定式表示过去将来安排,如果这个安排后来被取消了,没有实现则用“was/were +to+不定式完成体并可与表现现在过去或将来的时间状语连用。e.g: we were to have left at 6 last night, but it rained./we were to have left at 6 the following day, but it rained.
此外was/were to + 不定式也可用于表示以后不可避免要发生的事件。e.g: they said goodbye, little knowing they were to meet again.
3)? was/were about to +不定式 这种结构通常指最近的过去将来事态。e.g: i felt that something terrible was about to happen. 而且在一定语境中常指未曾实现的意图。e.g: we were about to start when it began to rain./he was just about to dive when he saw a shark.
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动态词与静态词
按词汇意义可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词既可用于各种进行体,也可用于非进行体,如:
its raining.
it never rains but it pours.
静态动词时表示静止状态的动词,通常用于非进行体,包括以下4类:
1 表示“是”“有”的动词:be, have, belong to, own, possess等
2 表示度量的动词:cost, weigh, measure, matter等
3 表示五官感觉的动词: hear, see, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem等
4 表示心理状态或情感状态的动词:believe, consider, think, suppose, expect, imagine, mind, know, understand, remember, forget, love, like, hate, wnat, wish等
少数静态动词在特殊情况下可用于进行体,如:
he is being foolish = he is behaving foolishly. 他正在做出愚蠢的行为。
he is tasting the soup.?
apples are costing more these days. 苹果越来越贵
now im remembering it. 我现在想起来了。
时态一致
在复合句,从句(主要是宾语从句)中的时态,常手主句谓语动词的影响,一般有如下情况:
1 主语时态为现在时或将来时,从句谓语应该用什么时态就用什么时态
????she knows you have been in beijing for eight years.
2 主句为一般过去时,从句中的谓语动词要用过去相关时态
????如果主句和从句动作同时发生,从句中须用一般过去式或过去进行时
????如果主句在主句动作之前,从句用过去完成时
????如果从句在主句动作之后,从句用过去将来时
????lucy said she was busy then.?
????i didnt know that she had been to paris twice.
????they didnt know when they would have a rest.
3 如果主句中说明的是客观事实,普遍真理或习惯特点,不管主句时态是什么,从句通常用一般现在时。
????he said that he usually reads the newspaper before going to bed.?
4 如果从句表示的仍然是现在或将来的时间,其时态不受主句的影响,如:
????she said that she is flying to new york next week. (还没飞)
????he told me that he is a manager in the firm. (现在仍然是)
5 如果出于表达思想的需要,特别是状语从句和定语从句中,主、从句的时态不需要相互呼应
????the girl who spoke at the meeting,is my sister.?
6 如果时间的着眼点不同,并列谓语或并列句中用不同的时态
????i support you now and always will.
????
被动态
不能用被动语态的情况
系动词,不及物动词,不及物动词短语(take place, come true, break out, belong to等)不能用于被动语态,如:
it seems great.
after the fire, nothing remained.
great changes have taken place here since 2008.
表示某种状态而非动作的动词,如“拥有,容纳,适合,缺少,明白”等,这类东西有些是及物动词,常见的有:
have?
hold
possess
contain
suit
fit
lack
beg
resemble
cost
fail
benefit
equal
如:
the book costs me ten years.
she lacks confidence and courage.
主动形式表被动含义的常见情况
某些动词后加某些副词,用主动语态表示被动,常用的这类动词有:
wash
write
selll
lock
shut
clean
wear
如:
the kind of cloth washes very well.
某些感官动词或系动词加形容词表示被动,这类动词有:
look
smell
taste
feel
sound
如:
the flower smells sweet.
the cloth feels very soft.
在want, deserve, need, worth, require 等动词后用动名词的主动语态表示被动。这类动词后也可接不定式的被动语态作宾语(worth除外)
the shoes need mending(= need to be mended).
that boy deserves looking after (= deserves to be looked after)
当不定式作表语(或宾补)形容词的状语,又与句中的主语(或宾语)有逻辑上的动宾关系时,虽然不定式有被动意义,但只能用主动形式。如:
we found the subjest hard to understand.
使役动词的语态
使役动词make, have 及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel ,observe, listen to 等在被动语态中,后没被省略的to要再加上。
the boss made the secretary work overtime.? -> the secretary was made to work overtime.
宾语从句的被动句
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, hope, report, say, suppose, think, suggest 等后面接宾语从句时,被动句有两种形式:
一种是用 it+be+过去分词+that从句
另一种是主语+be+过去分词+to do sth
例如:
we believed that he would succeed.
it was believed that he would succeed.? => he was believed to succeed.