[英语]基础英语笔记

一、可数名词、不可数名词
二、名词所有格
三、主谓一致
四、情态动词
五、形容词与副词
六、动词时态
七、动词语态
八、非谓语动词
九、虚拟语气
十、倒装
十一、反义疑问句
十二、强调句
十三、it的用法
十四、名词性从句
十五、定语从句
十六、时间状语从句
十七、as用法小结
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一、可数名词、不可数名词
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1.?考点：名词的数和所有格
可数名词复数
(1)+s
(2)词尾以sh，ch，s,x和z，+es
(3)辅音字母+y,变y为i, ?+es
(4)f, fe结尾，将f,fe变为ves
但roof，belief,cliff，等只加s
(5)0结尾+s,es
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+es: heroes, ?potatoes, ?tomatoes, ?mangoes
+s: photos, radios, pianos, zoos等
(6)?单复数同形，如deer, ?sheep，means（方法、手段）
不规则变化：man-men, ??????woman-women
foot-feet, ???????child-children
????????????chinese - chinese
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(7)?复合名词复数，即将中心词变为复数即可
passer-by——passers-by
a girl student——girl students
father-in-law——fathers-in-law
a woman/man doctor——women/men doctors
女司机 ?woman drivers
常见的不可数名词
advice, ?money, ?information , ?equipment, ?furniture, ?knowledge, ?news, ?laughter, ?damage, ?progress, ?baggage/luggage, ?homework等
a piece of news, ???????two piece of news
an article of furniture ????????three article of furniture
a sun of money
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常用数量表达法
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可数名词 ???????????????不可数名词
few ????????????????????little
a few ??????????????????a ?little
a number of ????????????a amount of ??
many ??????????????????much
a great many of ?????????a great deal of
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????????????a lot of
????????????some
????????????plenty
?数次表达
两百— two hundred ??50%— fifty percent
2/3—two thirds
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二、名词所有格
(1)?n+’s
①表示有生命的东西：tom’s room
lucy and mary’s book
lucy’s and mary’s book
②表示时间距离等，如today’s paper, ten minutes’?talk
③表示店铺或一家人: the tailor’s裁缝店 ???the smith’s史密斯一家
(2)?of+n表示无生命的东西
the door of classroom
双重所有格 ????of+名词性物主代词— a friend of mine
???????????????of+n+’s—a friend of my mom’s
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三、主谓一致
(1)?谓语动词用单数的情况
①当主语中有三个”e”: either, every, each, neither....nor
each of us looks forward to the new term.
every boy and every girl has chance to go to the college.
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②某些学科名词作主语，谓语用单数
politics, ?mathematics(math), ?physic, ?statistics, ?economics等。
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③时间、距离、长度、价值等复数名词作主语。
five billion dollar is a large sum of money.
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④many a许多，more than one+单数名词虽表达复数概念，谓语用单数。
many a student has gone over their lessons.
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⑤不可数名词、动名词、几分之几作主语。
reading english in the morning is a good habit.
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⑥主语虽有and，但表示单一概念，谓语用单数。
war and peace is a constant theme in history.
(knife and fork; bread and butter)
the teacher and writer is her friend.(同一个人)
比较：the teacher and the writer are her friends.(不同两人)
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⑦the only one of +n+定语从句（从句谓语用单数）
she was the only one of the girl who was late for the meeting.
比较：she was one of the girls who were late for the meeting.
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⑧“...的数量”谓语动词用单数
the number of+名词复数
the amount of+不可数名词
the number of the books in our library is large.
比较：a number of books have been stolen from library.(许多)
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(2)谓语动词用复数的情况
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①可数名词作主语
②people,police,cattle作主语
③the+a.表示一类人
the rich not always happier than the poor.
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(3)谓语动词可单数可复数的情况
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①集体名词作主语
若强调集体，谓语动词用单数，若强调个体，谓语动词用复数。
our football team was founded last year.
our football team are having rest.
常见的：family, audience,class,army, committee等。
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②就近原则
or, either...or..., neither...nor..
not only..but also, ?not... but
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either you or i am to blame.
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③就远原则
as well as
with/together with
along with
accompanied with
名词a+ ?in addiction to ????+名词b ????......va(谓语动词与a变)
besides
including
except/but
like(像)
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四、情态动词
1.?识别can/could, ?may/might, ??must/have to, ?should/ought to. ?need, ??dare
2.?考点
（1）情态动词+动词原形（无人称时态的变化）
（否）情态动词+not+动词原形
must的否定回答 ?must i go to school?
no, you don’t have to/you needn’t.
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（2）情态动词+have done
the street are wet.
it must have rained last night.
it may have rained last night.
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must have done对过去肯定的猜测
may/ might have done 对过去可能的猜测
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should/ought to have done 本应该
should not/ ought not to have done ?本不应该
you shouldn’t have come here at such a letter hour.
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can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能
the writing is too good, she can’t have written it herself.
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needn’t have done 本不必要
you needn’t have come here to visit me at the airport.
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（3）would rather do sth.
would rather/sooner do a than do b
宁愿做a，不愿做b
i would rather stay at home than go out.
(prefer to do a rather than do b)
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prefer的用法
prefer to do a rather do b
prefer a to b
prefer doing a to doing b
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would rather+句子 ????1.过去时did/were表示现在或将来要做的事
???????????????????2.过去完成时had done表示过去要做的事
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i’m busy now.i would rather you came tomorrow.
i’d rather i hadn’t seen the movie last night.
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（4）may/might as well+ do ??不如，不妨
you might as well take a rest after such a tiring day.
（5）had better do
（6）实义动词need的用法
need doing=need to be done
the bedroom needs to be painted.
the bedroom needs painting.
类似的用法还有:require ???want
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五、形容词与副词
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（1）一些以a-开头的形容词多作表语
i’m afraid, ???stay/keep awake, ??????fall asleep
be aware of=be conscious of意识到
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alone/lonely
i stay at home,but i don’t feel lonely.
alone表示客观存在的单独的
lonely表示主观感觉上感到孤独的
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alive/live/living
the fish is alive.(活着的，作表语)
the living fish.(活着的，作定语)
live broadcast ?现场直播的
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（2）修饰nothing,something,anything等不定代词时形容词放后面
something important
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（3）enough的用法
修饰名词时，在前：enough money
修饰形容词时，在后：big enough
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（4）much too+a.（形容词,big）太大了
too much+n.（名词,many）许多钱
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（5）-ed/-ing形容词
-ed:（人）感到...的
-ing:（物）令人...的
bored/boring
interested/interesting
relaxed/relaxing
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the exciting news made us excited.
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2.等比句型（同级比较）
as+a./adv原级+as..... ??????????和...一样
否：not as/so+原级+as.... ??????不如，不及
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3.?比较级句型
（1）主+谓+比较级+than.... ??比....更....
small—smaller ????????????busy—busier
big—bigger ???????????????large—larger
dangerous—more dangerous
little—less—least
句型中than前后必须是同类事物相比较
the girls in my class are more beautiful than those in his class.
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much/far/a lot/even/a little,表示.......得多
the audience is much larger than that at last year’s concert.
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—难得多
much more harder
（2）the+比较级，the+比较级 ?越....越
the harder you work, the more you will learn..
the more,the better.
（3）be superior to ??比....高级，比....好
be inferior to ?比....低级，比....差
be senior/junior to ?比...年长/年幼
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4.最高级句型：....the+a./adv.的最高级
beijing is one of the largest cities in the world.
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5.倍数表达法
（1）倍数+as.....as
（2）倍数+比较级+than
（3）倍数+n.（名词）
the population of china 10 times as big as that of japan.
the population of china 9 times bigger than that of japan.
the population of china 10 times the number of japan.
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6.?any/any other
tom is taller than any other boy in his class.（范围内，除本身之外的任何人）
tom is taller than any boy in his neighboring class.（范围外，任何一个）
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六、动词时态
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时态的种类
1.?一般现在时
构成：do动词原形/does（动词三单，即第三人称单数形式）
???work（s）
???wash（es） ?go（es）
???carry（ies）—carries
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（1）表示经常或习惯性动作
he often go to gym.
识别：常跟everyday, ?once a week, ?on sunday, ?often, ?always, ?usually, never等时间词。
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（2）表示客观规律或普遍真理
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
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（3）come, go, live, arrive, start, begin等少数动词表示按规定或即将要发生的事
the shop closes at 8 in the evening.
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（4）时间和条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时
识别：常跟as soon as, when, after, if, unless等词。
i’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.
you will success if you try your best.
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2.?现在进行时
构成：be（am/is/are）+ving
i am running.
he/she is dancing.
you/we/they are talking.
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die-dying ??????????lie-lying
用法：
（1）表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作
they are planting trees these days.
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（2）与always, constantly（不断地）,continually（不停地）连用，表示某种情感色彩
he is always （finding fault with）his employees.找某人的茬，挑剔
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3.?现在完成时
构成：have/has+done
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用法：
（1）表示已经完成的动作，或从过去开始，现在仍持续的动作，强调对现在造成的影响
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识别：常与these days, ?recently, ?lately, ?for+一段时间, ?since..., ?in the past/last few years, ?just, ?already, ?yet, ?so far, ?before, never等时间状语连用。
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he has married for the three years.（×）
特别注意 ?瞬时动词 come, go, leave, arrive, die等。
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在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
he has been married for the three years.（√）
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hello,jim. how is your grandfather?
my grandfather__d__ for two years.
a.?died ?????????????b.has ?died
b.?has been died ?????d.has been dead
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i have been to beijing for many times.曾到过某地
she has gone to beijing.已经出发去某地
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4.?一般过去时
构成 ?动词的过去式did
ask（ed） ??want（ed）
love（d）
study—studied ?????play—played
stop—stopped
write—wrote ??????give—gave
go—went
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用法：表示过去某个时间发生且完成的动作，也可以表示过去习惯的动作。
i had a word with mary this morning.
he smoked forty cigars a day until he gave up.
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识别
（1）常用于表示过去的时间状语或从句连用。如yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once（曾经）, during the war, a few days ago, when等。
he was born in 1990.
（2）used to do过去常常做
he used to work 14 hours a day.
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区别：be used to do 被用来做
the wood is used to make desk.
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be/get used to（介词）（doing）sth.
i am used to getting up early. ?习惯于做.....
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used（a.）二手的 ?a used car
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5.?过去进行时
构成was（主语是第一、三人称时）/were doing （其他人称做主语）
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用法：表示过去某时或某段时间正在进行的动作。
they were picking flowers when we arrived.
bill was coughing all night long.
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6.?过去完成

时
构成：had done
用法：表示过去发生某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。
when i arrived at the station, the bus had already left.
she told me she had been there three times before.
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常见搭配
no sooner than...
hardly/scarcely...when... ??????????....刚.....就
he had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang.
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（放句首，倒装）
no sooner had he arrived home than the phone rang.
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7.?一般将来时
构成
（1）will/shall+do表示将要发生的动作
he will take part in the sport meeting next week.
（2）be going to do 表示实现计划要做的事情或根据某种迹象将要发生的事情
i’m going to visit my friend tomorrow.
look at the dark cloud! it’s going to rain.
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（3）be to do/be about to do
the queen is to visit italy next year.
hurry,the meeting is about to begin.
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8.?过去将来时
构成:should/would+do
用法：表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事
i heard that rose would come here this weekend.
识别：过去将来时+表将来的时间
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9.?将来进行时
构成：shall/will be doing
用法：表示将来某时正在发生的动作
i’ll be having english class this time next saturday.
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10.?将来完成时
构成：will/shall have done
用法：表示将来某时前已经发生的动作
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常考识别词
by到...为止,后接完成时
（1）by+过去时间，用过去完成时（had done）
（2）by+将来时间，用将来完成时（will/shall have done）
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by the end of next month we will have finished all the lessons.
by the end of 2000, the small company had become a large one.
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七、动词语态
主动和被动
mary cleaned the floors just now.（主动）
the floors were cleaned （by mary）just now.（被动）
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we will discuss the problem next time.（主动）
the problem will be discussed next time.（被动）
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主动变被动时态不变
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一、构成：be done（过去分词）
be动词有人称和时态的变化
一般现在时：am/is/are+done
一般过去时：was/were+done
一般将来时：will be done
现在进行时：am/is/are being done
过去进行时：was/were being done
过去将来时：would/should be done
现在完成时：has/have been done
过去完成时：had been done
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二、重要考点
1.?不及物动词/短语（happen,rise,occur,take place,break out等；和表示状态的动词/短语become, consist of, belong to等无被动语态。）
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the story took place in 1949
our class consist of 50 girls and 50 boys.
??????is consist of（×）
?????is made up of（√）
consist of=be made up of 整体内部分构成
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2.?在主动语态中，使奴动词和感官动词后接不带to的不定式，但在被动语态中要补上to。
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一听：listen,hear
二看：see, watch, observe
三让：let sb. do/doing
四使：make,have
五注意到:notice
六感觉：feel
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i saw her cry.
（被）she was seen to cry.
i heard him play the piano.
（被）he was heard to play the piano.
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3.?get/have sth. done 被动
he will have his computer fixed tomorrow.
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4.?句型
it is said/believed/reported that
据说/人们相信/报道
it is（well）know that众所周知
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it is said that she is beautiful.
she is said to be beautiful.
sb./sth. is said/believed/reported to do
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5.?主动表被动的情况
（1）某些实义动词加副词表示被动。如open, shut, read, write, eat , sell, keep,等。
this kind of shirt washes well.
the pen writes well.
（2）某些做表语的形容词后，用不定式主动表被动。
this article is difficult to understand.
（3）某些感官动词（如smell/taste/feel/sound）+a.作表语，用主动表被动。
the oranges taste good.
（4）need/require/want+doing表被动
the room needs painting.
the room needs to be painted.
need doing=need to be done
（5）worth（a）形容词 be doing
the great wall is （well）visiting.很值得
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eg（举例子）
worth/（a.）be worth of being done
be worth to be done
the great wall is worth of being visited.
????????????is worthy to be visited.
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八、非谓语动词
不定式
动名词
分词
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动词不定式
构成：to do
用法：可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语，不能做谓语。
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（1）to answer the question is not easy.
作主语谓语动词用单数
=it（形式主语）is not easy to answer the question.（真正主语）
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it is+a./n+（for sb.）to do
it is important （for us） to learn english.
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（2）it is+a.（有关性格和特点）of sb. to do
it’s very kind of you to help me.
（clever,wise,careless,stupid等）
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2.?（1）...to do常见动词
...sb. to do常见动词
help sb.（to）do ??????help sb. with sth.
remind sb.to do ??????remind sb. of sth.
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3.?省略to的不定式
（1）使役动词和感官动词后，接不带to的不定式。但被动语态中要补上。
（2）had better do最好would rather/sooner do a than do b宁愿做a，不愿做b
can not （help）but do不能不
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she can’t help but laugh.
比较：she can not help laughing.
can not help doing忍不住做
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4.?consider/feel/think/find/made+it（形式宾语）+a.+to do（真正宾语）
jim consider it important to do sports.
many students find it hard to learn english.
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5.?固定表达
（1）in order（not）to do sth.
?????so as（not）to do sth.
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（2）to be frank/honest with you坦白说
to tell you the truth
to one’s surprise/disappointment使某人吃惊/失望的是
to begin with首先
to conclude最后
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（3）only to do sth.表示出乎意料的结果
i opened the box only to find it empty.
i rushed to the train station only to learn that train had left.
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（4）be able to do有能力做
（5）be determined/willing/eager/ready to do下定决心做/愿意做/渴望做
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（6）不定式的完成时to have done
表示它所完成的动作在谓语动词发生之前
i’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
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补充几点
1.?too+（a.）to do：太...而不嫩
mary is too young to go to school.
2.?would like sb. to do sth.
3.?happen to do碰巧做...
??be likely to do有可能做...
4.?have no choice/alternative but to do sth.别无选择只好做
5.?do nothing/anything/everything but except do sth.除了...之外 做了
they do nothing but play a trick on him.
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6.?only, first, second, last, next, best等序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词通常用不定式做定语。
he is always the last one to leave the office.
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动名词
用法：作主语、宾语、表语、定语
1.?drinking milk is good for our health.
it’s no use/good doing sth.做...没有用/不好
但要注意it’s of no use后接不定式（to do）
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it’s no use crying over the split milk.
覆水难收
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2.?v+doing
（1）补：involve（卷入、参加、包括、包含）
（2）be involved in卷入 quiet（辞职）
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3.?there is no point（in）in doing sth.
there is no point（in）thinking about it.
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4.?have（much/some/little/no）difficulty/trouble（in）doing sth.做（有/无）困难
do you have any difficulty in learning english?
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5.?介词+doing;若否定,not放doing前
after finished the job, he went home.
he went home without having finished his work.
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6.?一些动词词组+doing
give up放弃 ?put off推迟 ?feel like想要 be opposed to反对 object to反对 devote to,contribute奉献
look forward to期望 ?resort to求助于
insist on, ?persist in, ?stick to坚持
attend to照顾、照料 ????succeed in成功做
be accustomed to, ?be used to习惯于
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7.?be busy with sth./worth doing
it is worthwhile doing/to do sth.
比较worthy（a.）
be worth of being done
be worthy to be done
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8.?使役动词和感官动词+sb. doing强调动作正在进行
i saw him make the experiment.
i saw him making the experiment.
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1.?need/want/require+doing/to be done
2.?prefer doing a to doing b
??prefer to do a rather than do b
3.?like to do表具体情况
??like doing表一般情况
4.?forget to do忘记要做
??forget doing忘记做过
remember to do忘记要做
remember doing记得做过
regret to do遗憾要做
regret doing后悔做过
mean to do打算做
mean doing意味着
you mean a lot to me.对...重要
try to do尽力做
try doing试着做
go on to do继续做（另一件事）
go on doing继续做（同一件事）
stop to do停止a做b
stop doing停止做某事
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分词
现在分词doing
1.?现在分词表示主动关系或是动作正在进行，过去分词表被动或动作已经完成。
the touching story动人的故事
the touched audience受感动的关中
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the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
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students sitting in the window坐在窗边的学生
people invited to the party被邀请到晚会的人
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2.?the exciting news made us excited .
-ing分词，（物）令人...的
-ed分词，（人）感到...的
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bored/boring
surprised/surprising
satisfied/satisfying
relaxed/relaxing
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3.?have sb. do/doing让某人做某事或处于某种状态
have sth. done表被动
i have my coat washed.
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4.?generally/strictly/frankly/honestly speaking 总的来说/严格地说/坦白地说/老实说
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5.?find oneself doing/done
需分析动词和并于的关系，若主动用doing,若被动则用done.
when he woke up the next morning,he find himself tied to big tree.
he find himself lying on the ground.
类似的用法还有make,see,notice,leave等。
1.?when you make a public speech,try your best to make__d__yourself.
a.?understands ??????????????b.understanding
b.?to understand ?????????????d.understood
2.?the speaker couldn’t make himself__a__because of noise.
a.?heard ????????????????????b.to hear
b.?hearing ???????????????????d.being heard
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6.?分词做状语，则需分析此动词与主语之间的关系，若主动用ing分词，若被动则用ed分词。
seen from the top of the mountain, our town looks beautiful.（see）
seeing from the top of the mountain,we feel proud of our town.（see）
②raise sb./sth.抚养饲养
③raise a question提出问题
rise（v.）上升
rise from ...从...产生
arouse（v）引起
arouse one’s interest
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注:若-ing分词的动作在谓语动词之前发生，则用having done的形式。
having read the letter,she burst into tears.
having watered the flower,they began to eat apples.
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7.?独立主格结构
“独立主格结构”是指从句中带有自己的主语，此时居中的动词只能用非谓语动词形式。即-ing分词或-ed分词。解题时，需分析动词与从句主语的关系，若主动用-ing分词，若被动，则用-ed分词。
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（1）-ing分词“独立结构”
weather permitting,the football match will be played on saturday.
the being nothing else to do,we left.
jim came into the classroom, sweet running down from his pocket.
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（2）-ed分词“独立结构”
jim came into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.
his shirt caught on a nail,he could not move.
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九、虚拟语气
一类：if条件句（一1-5）
?????不带if的条件句（一6、二1）
二类：谓语动词往前倒退一个时态
（二、1.2.3.4.5.6）
三类：（should）+v原
（二、7.8.9.10）
四类：it is time that ??did
??????????????????should+v原
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一类、if条件虚拟句
1、对现在的虚拟
if...did/were,...would/could/should/might do.
if i had time,i would go to the movie with you.
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如果我找到了书，我就拿给你。
if i found the book,i would give it to you.
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2、对过去的虚拟
if...had done,would have done.
if i had known it,i would have told you.
如果他学习再勤奋点，他考试就能及格了。
if he had studied harder,he would have passed the exam.
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3、对将来的虚拟
if...were to do/should do,would do
if it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be putted off.
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4、混合虚拟句
（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。）
if...had done,...would do （now/today）
if i had taken my raincoat when i came out this morning,i would not be wet now.
if you___at school,you___a college student now.（c）
a.?had studied hard, would have been
b.?should be studied hard, should have been
c.?had studied hard, would be
d.?would study hard, must have been
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5、若省略if,句子发生倒装
即将if后的两个单词调换顺序
if it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be putted off.
were it to rain tomorrow,the game would be putted off.
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if i had known it, i would have told you.
had i known it,i would have told you.
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if he had studied harder,he would be passed the exam.
had he studied harder, he would be passed the exam.
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不带if的条件虚拟句
without（如果，没有） ?but for（要不是）
otherwise（否则，要不然）
would do 对现在的虚拟
would have done对过去的虚拟
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but for the storm,we would reach our destination.
she wasn’t feeling well,otherwise she wouldn’t left meeting.
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二类、谓语动词往前退一个时态
现在：过去时did/were
过去：过去的过去
??????????????即过去完成时had done
将来：would do
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1.?wish但愿
注意：wish的虚拟语气应根据从句后的内容（时间）变化。
i wish i had gone to the concert last night.（过去）
i wish he would forgive me.（现在）
i wish it were autumn all year around.（现在）
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2.?if only要是...就好了
if only i knew her phone number.
if only i had taken his advice.
比较：only if,表条件，无虚拟
??????only起强调作用
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it’s doesn’t matter/what kind of job you do only if you fulfilled.（有成就的）
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3.?as if/as though仿佛好像
she looks as if she were ill.
they talked as if they had known each other for years.
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4.?i would rather（that）...我宁可
现在时:did/were
过去：过去的过去 ?即过去完成时had done
特殊：将来——过去时 ?did/were
i’d rather you left tomorrow.
i’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.
比较：would rather do a than do b.
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三类、（should）+do
1.?for far that/lest/in case...（should）do ?怕/万一，以防
2.?表示建议、主张、命令、要求的动词及派生的名词+that（should）do
suggest, propose, advise, recommend（推荐）
insist（坚持主张）
order ,command（命令）
request, demand, require, ask
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①建议_doing
②暗示，表明（此时虚拟，=show）
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3.?it is+（a.）+that...（should）do
required/suggested/ordered
vital/important/necessary/essential
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四类、
it is（high/about）time（that）...did/should
该...的时候
it’s about time that we took our leave.
it’s high time he stopped smoking.
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十、倒装
正常语序 ?主+谓
全部倒装 ?谓+主
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部分倒装
be动词、助动词（do、have等）+主语+谓语
或情态动词（can/may/should等）+主语+谓语
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（一）全部倒装
（二）部分倒装
1、具有否定意义的词或短语放句首
no sooner...than
hardly/scarcely...when
hardly had i sat down when i heard someone knock the door.
not only...but（also）只有前半句发生倒装
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2、only引导的倒装句
only+介词短语/副词/从句...半倒装
only in this way（can we learn）english well.
only then（did he realize）that he had made a mistake.
only（when we arrive there）will they leave.（从句不到装）
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3、although he was tired,he went on working.
虽然他很累，但他还是继续工作。
tired as/though he was ,he went on working.
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as/though引导的让步状语从句常用倒装
a.?/adv./n.+as/though+主语+谓语
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much as i love him,i won’t give him my money.
=although i love him,i won’t give him my money.
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child as he is,he knows a lot.
=although he is a child,he knows a lot.
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4、虚拟条件句：在虚拟语气中，若省略if，则需把were/should/had提前至主语前，if后面的两个单词调换顺序。
5、“...也一样”句子倒装
so肯定/neither否定/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词
my father is a doctor,so is my husband.
jane didn’t attend my class yesterday,neither did mary.
jim goes to theatre every week.
so he does（表示赞同）and so do i（我也是）.
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6、she was so weak that she could not talk.
so weak was she that could not talk.
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so/such...that...结构中，so/such放在句首时要倒装
so+a/adv.+谓语+主语+that
such+n.+谓语+主语+that
he is such a lovely boy that all of us love him.
such a lovely boy is he that all of us love him.
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一个如此可爱的男孩
such a lovely boy
so lovely a boy
一个如此好的学生
so good a student
such a good student
explode（v.） ?explosion（n.） ??explore（v.研究）
population explode
information explode
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十一、反义疑问句
大原则：前肯后否，前否后肯
they work there,don’t they?
you didn’t go there,did you？
she never laughed,did she?
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需注意几点：
1、everything,nothing,that,this等在句首，疑问句为主语it,everyone,anyone,somebody,no one,nobody等人称代词的主语为they.
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everything is ready, isn’t it?
there is not jim’s house, is it?
nobody knows the answer do they?
2、主从复合句中，反义疑问句应与主句保持一致，但以i think/believe等第一人称引导的宾语从句，反义疑问句与从句保持一致。
he said his wife wanted to visit china,didn’t he?
i don’t think he is right,is he?
3、she used to be a singer,didn’t she？
4、祈使句will you
close the door,will you?
5、let’s go,shall we?
let us go,will you?（第三人称）
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十二、强调句
1、it is/was...（被强调部分）that（强调人时，也可以用who）...
my uncle gave me the book.
it was my uncle who/that gave me the book.
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强调宾语
it was me that/who my uncle gave the book.
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2、it is/was not until...that... 直到...才
it was not until he graduate from college that he got a job.
（he did not get a job until he graduated from the college.）
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3、it is because...that...强调原因
it was because he was too young that he could not join the army
join加入某团体或组织
join in=take part in
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4、谓语动词前用do/did/does表示强调，表示“真的”、“确实”
he does like to eat noodles.
i did call you last night.
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5、用what/how引导的感叹句表示强调
what a beautiful girl she is.
how beautiful the flowers are.
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6、very/just/only表示强调，“正是”
he is the very man i’m looking for.
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十三、it的用法
1、it作形式主语
it is easy（to answer this question.）真正主语
it is necessary（communicating with other.）真正主语
it is that（we all learn english hard.）真正主语
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2、it作形式宾语
i consider it important that（we do some sport in our spare/free time.）真正宾语
jim finds it’s difficult（to learn chinese.）真正宾语
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十四、名词性从句
1、主语从句 ????2、表语从句
3、宾语从句 ????4、同位语从句
（that he is coming）is certain.
the truth is that（he is coming.）
i don’t know if（he will attend the meeting.）
have you heard the news that（mary is going to marry tom？）
引导词:that, whether, if,which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whatever, when, why, how.
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1、为了保持句子平衡，常用it作为形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放在句末。
=it+be+a./n./done.+从句
it’s well known that water is indispensable to life.
it’s doesn’t matter much whether he is coming.
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2、为了保持句子平衡，consider,regard,find,think,feel,make,see等动词常用it作形式宾语替代句尾的宾语从句。
he made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
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3、whether/if是否：①whether...or not;②if不可引导主语从句和表语从句，whether可以。
the question is whether she will come.
whether she comes or not makes no difference..
i don’t know whether/if she is at home.
③介词后用whether,如
it depends on whether the letter arrives in time.
④whether后还可以接不定式。如
i’m not sure whether to resign or stay on
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4、that/what引导名词性从句的差别：分析从句的结构，若缺成分用what引导；若不缺，用that.
（what she said）is not true.
（that she is beautiful）is not true.
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5、...的原因是因为
the reason （why）+句子+is that
???????????for+n./短语 +is that
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6、doubt用法
i doubt if/whether...
i don’t doubt that...
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7、同位语从句多由that引导常跟在名词（fact、idea、opinion、news、hope、belief等）后，解释这些名词的具体内容，that在从句中不充当任何成分，that不能省略。
we are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
the news that we are invited to the conference is very encourage.
8、凡是从句都必须用陈述语序。
where they went last week is of no importance.
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十五、定语从句
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句
1、先行词：被修饰的词
2、引导词：引导定语从句的关系连词
（1）关系代词：that/which, who, whom, whose,as
关系代词在从句中充当宾语时，可以省略
the book（that/which）you are reading was written by shakespeare.
he is a man who/that likes reading.
the man（whom/that）she met was her former classmate.
the room whose window faces south is mine.
（2）关系副词when, where, why?
when（时间状语）先行词为表示时间的名词，如time,day等。
where（地点状语）先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等。
why（原因状语）先行词为reason.
i’ll never forget the place where i met my girlfriend.（in which）
the day when i met him was the greatest day of my life.（on which）
i don’t know the reason why he did that.（for which）
关系副词相当于：介词+that
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（3）介词+which/whom
this is the ring on which she spent 1 million dollars.
spend time/money on sth./（in）doing sth.
one of my colleagues（with whom you are familiar）will come today.
sb. be familiar with sth.某人对...熟悉
sth. be familiar to sb.
one of my colleagues（whom/that）you familiar with will come today.
this is the ring（that/which）she spent 1 million dollars on.
this is the most beautiful campus that i have ever been to.
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3、注意关系代词that与which的区别
（1）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时，常用that,不用which.
（2）先行词是all,something,nothing等不定代词时，或先行词有few, some, much, any, no等修饰时常用that,不用which.
i’ve explained everything（that）i can to you.
all that i can say is thank you.
all that=what
（3）先行词有序数词或（the only, the very, the last等修饰时，常用that，不用which.）
there is the very house（that）i want to buy.正是
moyan is the first chinese writer that has ever won the noble prize.
（4）先行词后既有人又有物时，用that，不用which。
we listen to him talk about the men and books that interested him.
it is the biggest zoo in china,which covers 600 areas.
i received the invitation,but i do not want to accept（主观上无法接受）it.
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4、as作为引导词
①the same...as/such...as
he is not the same as you have mentioned.
such poets as you have described are rare today.
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②as也可以用于非限制性定语从句，置于句首或句末。一般以逗号隔开，表示“正如...那样”
as is known to all,money can’t buy happiness.
as we all known
as is reported/said
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5、the way（that/in which）
i like the way（that/in which）you’ve done your hair.
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十六、状语从句
1、时间状语从句
①当...的时候：when（可延续性动作、也可瞬间性的动作）while（延续性动作）
when she comes, i shall tell her to wait for you.
while peter was reading,his wife was cooking.
比较：you like black while i like white.
while（conj.连词）表示对比，“然而”
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②as（随着）
as she got order,she got wiser.
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③立即，...就...，as soon as.
directly/immediately
the second/the moment/the instant
the baby stopped crying the moment she saw her mother.
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④刚...就...
scarcely/hardly...when
no sooner than
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⑤before, after, not until
think twice before you do things.
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⑥注意：on/upon+doing
就在某时或某地后（...就）
on arriving home, i discover the burglary.
比较：__b__the news. he felt very excited.
a.?on ?b.at ??c.in ??d.to
at多接名词，表示“一...就...”
_b__christmas, people in the western countries usually buy each other gifts.
a.?on ?b.at ??c.in ??d.to
at指一段时间：at night, ?at the weekend, ?at spring festival
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⑦at the meeting
参加者 participant
2、条件状语从句
if, ?unless（if not）, ?providing（that）, ?provided（that）假如
as/so long as只要, suppose/supposing that假如, ?in case如果
on condition that（条件是）, ??only if（只是）
you can be successful as long as you work hard.
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3、原因状语从句 ?引导词
①because ?②as（因为） ③since（既然）
④for（表原因，解释说明，一般不放句首）
⑤now that（既然）
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④she was late this morning for overslept.
⑤now that the weather has improved, let’s go out for a picnic.
⑥in that=because
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i enjoy country life better in that the air and water are less polluted there.
human differs from animals in that they can think and speak.
⑦because of/owing to/thanks to/on account of/due to表原因+名词
owing to his carelessness, he made a lot of mistakes in the exam.
the accident is due to his careless.
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4、结果状语从句
so that（结果）
so+a./adv.+that
such+n.+that
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it was so cold that we had cancel the game.
it’s such a good chance that we mustn’t miss it.
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5、目的状语从句
so that（为的是，为了）;in order that（为了）
for fear that（生怕）,lest（以免）,in case（以防）
we study hard（in order that）we can have a better future.
we walked quietly for fear that we make the baby awake.
so that既可引导目的状语从句（为了），也可以引导结果状语从句（结果）。引导目的状语从句时，从句动词一般会出现can/could, may/might,shall/should.
he left early so that he could catch the train.
he left early,so that he caught the train.
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6、方式状语从句
as（正如，像）
i don’t like the way（that/in which）you’ve talked to me.
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7、让步状语从句
①（though/although,even if/even though, as）
child as he is, he knows a lot.
（注意：despite/in spite of后+doing/n.）
despite the rain, he still went to school.
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②whenever/no matter when无论何时
wherever/no matter where无论在哪
whoever/no matter who无论是谁
whatever/no matter what无论什么
however/no matter how无论怎样
whatever he say, don’t believe him.
whoever you are,you must obey the traffic rules/regulations.
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十七、as用法小结
1、as the day went on, the weather got warmer.
引导时间状语从句，“随着”。
2、as he is free day,he would like to go fishing.
表原因
3、tired as he was, he refused to take a rest.
引导让步状语从句，“尽量、虽然”
4、when in roma,do as roma do.
引导方式状语从句，“像、如同”。
5、the same...as/such...as
he is not the same as he used to be.
6、as...as和...一样
7、regard/consider/view/think of/look upon...as把...认为
she thinks of autumn as the best season.
8、表示条件as long as/so long as
???表示目的so as to do/as to
???表示结果as a result
常见as soon as ?????????as well as也
as usual和往常一样
as a whole作为一个整体
as is known to all众所周知