- A+
“what would the world be if there were no hunger?” it’s a question that professor crystal would ask her students. they found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. it is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. the result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. according to systems thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. first, researchers need to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
take nutrition. in the latest un report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良 )people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. tracking of 150 biochemicals in food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common diseases. but using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the 
vast majority are not known.this shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.
a systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal power. but as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. a good way to redress (修正 ) such power imbalance is for more universities to do what crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems approach.
more researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results, but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. the author uses the question underlined in paragraph 1 to ________.
a. illustrate an argument b. highlight an opinion
c. introduce the topic d. predict the ending
29. what can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
a. the first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
b. the relationships among players have been clarified.
c. machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
d. the impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. as for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?
a. it may be used to justify power imbalance.
b. it can be applied to tackle challenges.
c. it helps to prove why hunger exists.
d. it goes beyond human imagination.
译文：“如果没有饥饿，世界会变成什么样子?”这是克里斯托教授会问她学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现这个问题很难回答，因为想象不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变为现实，是一种罕见的技能。艺术家和工程师都学过，但科学家很少学。克里斯特尔开始改变这种状况，并帮助发起了一场全球运动。其结果——一种被称为系统思维的方法——现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。
系统思维对于实现诸如零饥饿和更好的营养等目标至关重要，因为它需要考虑食物的生产、加工、运送和消费的方式，并考虑这些事情如何与人类健康、环境、经济和社会相互影响。根据系统思维，改变食物系统或任何其他网络,需要三件事。首先，研究人员需要识别系统中的所有参与者;其次，它们必须弄清楚它们之间的关系;第三，他们需要理解和量化这些关系对彼此的影响以及对系统外的人的影响。
需要营养。在联合国最新的全球粮食安全报告中，尽管营养科学取得了巨大进步，但世界上营养不良人口的数量(营养不良)一直在上升。追踪食物中的150种生物化学物质对于揭示卡路里、糖、脂肪和常见疾病之间的关系非常重要。但是，利用机器学习和人工智能，一些科学家提出，人类的饮食至少包含26000种生物化学物质，其中绝大多数是未知的。这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在这个例子中，是确定营养系统的更多组成部分。
创造变化的系统方法也是建立在系统中的每个人都拥有平等权力的假设之上的。但正如一些研究人员所发现的，粮食系统并不是一个平等的系统。纠正这种权力失衡的一个好方法(修正)是让更多的大学像克里斯特尔那样，教学生如何用系统的方法思考。
更多来自食品行业的研究人员、政策制定者和代表,必须学会超越他们的直接职责范围，采取系统的方法。克里斯特尔知道，只有愿景不会产生结果，但她得出的结论是:“我们永远不会产生我们没有预想过的结果”。
28. 作者将第1段中划线的问题用在________上。
a.阐明论点bb.强调观点
c.介绍话题d .预测结局
29. 从营养学领域可以推断出什么?
a.系统思维的第一个目标还没有实现。
b.玩家之间的关系已经明确。
c.机器学习可以解决营养问题。
d.营养的影响无法量化。
30.至于系统思维，作者会同意哪一种?
a.它可能被用来证明权力不平衡。
b.它可以用来应对挑战。
c.它有助于证明饥饿存在的原因。
d.它超出了人类的想象。
【答案】28. c 29. a 30. b
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““what would the world be if there were no hunger?” it’s a question that professor crystal would ask her students. they found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. it is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. the result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选c项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“this shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选a项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. the result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选b项。
