- A+
1. 表示原因
because （ of ） =be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin （ al ） =causality = due ∕ owing ∕ thanks ∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to （原因是）= now ∕ in that =seeing ∕ considering ∕ given （ that ） = on account of =on this account = on ground of ∕ that （强调主观理由） = out of = for the sake of = in （ the ） light of = in view of （ the fact that ） = by ∕ in virtue of = by reason of = as a result ∕ consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = put sth down to sth（把……归因于……）
【注】 put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视为 put sth down as sth ③ 使（当众）出丑，让某人丢人现眼 ④ 写下，记下 ⑤ 将……提请（议会或委员会）审议 to put down a motion∕amendment 提交一项动议或修正案 ⑥ 登记，注册，列入名单 + for sth 例句：Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。
2. 表示结果
① So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof = thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)= result （ ing ） =effect =consequence = in consequence = as a result ∕ consequence = result in = accordingly = give rise to = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke = spark = spur = stimulate = stir （激起，引起，引发，激发）= trigger = activate = prompt = set in motion = set off = contribute∕ attribute to = bring about ∕on =present =it follows ∕ turns out that …
② Or else = otherwise 否则，要不然
【注】 or else 与 otherwise 既表示转折，又表示对比，还表示结果。
第二， 表示对比
1. 表示“相似性的”对比
① Likewise = like =similar （ ly ） = akin = parallel （ with …） = analogous ∕ analogy = comparable = by ∕ in comparison （ with …） 与……相似的
② Identical = same 完全相同的 = much as = as much 同……一样
be consistent with = consistently = be in agreement with = coincide with … = accord ∕agree with = match（意见、利益等） 与……一致的，相符的
2. 表示“差异性的”对比（这些词也be可以表示转折、强调）
Unlike = by ∕ in contrast = in turn = in contrast to ∕ with = conversely = alternatively = on the contrary = contrary to = contrarily = on the other hand = otherwise = while = whereas = （ run ） counter to 与……相反的，但是，然而
3. 暂时无法确定是“差异性”还是“相似性”的
① 比较级、最高级 most important = dominant(ly)= largely
② Of … and …
第三， 表示递进
① besides =therewith = as well as = as well = and = also = too = in addition （ to ） = moreover = furthermore = apart ∕ aside from
除……之外还，此外，而且，加之（用于“包括的”特殊人或事物前）
② that is （ to say ） = namely 也就是说（有补充解释说明的作用）
③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）
④ simply put ∕ stated ∕ spoken 简言之
⑤ or rather 或者更确切地说
【注】 注意 besides 与 except 的区别。例如：① All of us passed besides John 。（约翰也及格了）；② All of us passed except John 。（约翰没有及格） except 用于“不包括”的特殊人或事物前
第四， 表示补充（解释、说明）
① But = except （ for ） = apart ∕ aside from = other 
than
除……之外（都），常用于否定句中，用于“不包括”的特殊人
或事物前。
例如：① No one saw it but me 。
② There is nobody here other than me 。
② that is （ to say ） = namely 也就是说（有补充解释说明的作用）
③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说（有补充解释说明的作用）
④ 冒号、破折号
第五， 表示让步
① Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding = regardless ∕ irrespective of = out of account （不予考虑）= in disregard of = for all （ that ） = although = though = as = while = even （if）= much as （用于句首）虽然 = granting ∕ granted that
不管，不顾，尽管（有），虽然，即使
② after all 毕竟
③ certainly = of course = indeed = it is true that … 的确
④ undoubtedly = there is no doubt that … 毫无疑问的是……
⑤ admittedly = we have to admit that … 应该承认的是……
⑥ it may be true that … 或许真实的是……
⑦ there is no denying that … 不可否认的是……
⑧ to be sure = although （ 常与 but 连用）可以肯定的是…
⑨ at least 至少
第六， 
表示转折
① Instead （ of ） = rather than （是……）而不是
② But = yet = although = though = while = whereas = when = only = （ but ） rather = instead = still = nevertheless = nonetheless = much as（用于句首） 尽管如此，然而，虽然，但是
③ Otherwise = or else 否则，要不然
④ In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 实际上，事实上，的确
【注】 although ， though ， while ， whereas ， to be sure ， in effect ∕ fact ， indeed 既表示让步，又表示转折。
第七， 表示条件
① if = providing ∕ provided ∕ suppose ∕ supposing that 如果，假如
② in case of = in the event of 万一……
③ failing 如果不能，如果没有
④ but for ∕ that 要不是， 若非（主句用虚拟语气）
⑤ unless 除非
⑥ as long as = only if 只要
⑦ on condition that … 条件是……
⑧ if only 但愿，要是……就好了（常与虚拟语气连用）
⑨ only if 必须在……的条件下（引导条件状语从句）
第八， 表示目的
① For fear of = lest 以免，以防
② For the sake of … = in the desire to do sth 为了……
③ in order 
to
【注】 for the sake of 既表示原因，又表示目的。
第九， 表示引出新对象
① About = concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for ∕ to = in respect of 关于
② in terms of 就……而论，在……方面
③ when it comes to … 当提到……时
④ as such 就其本身而言；就……的严格词义而言
第十， 表示强调
① Above all = most important = valuable = dominant（ly）=largely = most leading = generally = mainly = chief = substantially= the first and more important = matter = signify = for the most part = most = a large proportion of 具有重要性， 最重要的是
② In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 事实上， 实际上，的确，其实
③ In any case = anyway = at any rate 无论如何，总之
④ 比较级、最高级
⑤ Noteworthy = Of note= Notable = noticeable =Striking= Remarkable= marked = express （明确的） = evident = distinctly = obvious = clear （ lee ） = dominant =apparent =crystal （显而易见的） = realizing （清晰生动的，明确无误的） = Worth mentioning= observable = spectacular = pronounced = dramatically = understandable= palpable= 
Important= Significant
显著的，值得注意的，明显的，显而易见的，清晰明了的
⑥ reinforce = stress = strengthen = emphasize = build （sth） up 加强，巩固，增加，强调
⑦ always = invariably = continually = consistently
⑧ considerably相当地
【注】 in effect ∕ fact∕reality ， indeed 表示让步、转折、强调；比较级、最高级表示对比、强调。
第十一，表示总结
① On the whole = all in all =overall = in conclusion ∕ summary ∕ general = generally （ speaking ）= as a whole =mainly = substantially = to sum up = conclude = come to the conclusion 总的来说
② in short ∕ brief = in a word 简而言之
③ in any case = at any rate = anyway 总之，无论如何
第十二，表示时间
① Meanwhile = simultaneously = therewithal 同时地 = coincide with… 与……同时发生
crop 【C】 同时发生的事情；同时做某事的一群人，一批人 + of 如：the current crop of graduate trainees 目前这一批毕业实习生
② Preceding = previous （ ly ） = former = prior to 先前的
③ Subsequent = following = in the wake of = upon = after = latter 随后的
④ Lattermost 最后的
⑤ Of late = lately = recent = latterly 最近
⑥ To late= as yet = hitherto = up to the present = up to that point = so far 迄今为止
⑦ Present （ ly ） = current （ ly ） =at present 当前的（地），现在
⑧ For the present 暂且，目前
⑨ Around the clock 昼夜不停
⑩ No longer 不再
⑾ initial（ly）最初，开始 = at the beginning of initiatory 最初的
⑿ for a while 一会儿
⒀ perpetual∕perpetuity∕forever ∕for good∕permanent ∕chronic（长期的） 长久，永远
【注】 chronic ① （尤指疾病）长期的，慢性的，连续复发的 = continually recurring
例如：the country’s chronic unemployment problem 国家的长期失业问题
② 长期患病的，长期有某种习惯的 例如：a chronic alcoholic 酗酒成性的人
chronically 长期地，慢性地
反义词—intermittent = occasional（ly）= temporary 暂时的
⒁ before long 不久以后
⒂ long before 很久以前
第十三，表示举例
① Like = such as = for instance ∕ example = take ∕ consider ∕ think of ∕ remember …（ as an example ） = a good case in point is … =from … to …（ to …） =to illustrate = as an illustration
② 并列的 there be 句型
③ let's take a look at∕return tothe example of…
④ in the case of… 比如在……
第十四，表示并列
① And ∕ also ∕ too=as well ∕ or = alternatively ∕ as well as( 不但，而且 ) ∕ along with （连同……在一起）
② 分号
第十五，表示方式
① As if∕though 好像
② as 如……
③ just as 正如……
