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相关科目：英语笔译211
相关知识点：名词从句
（主从、宾从、表从、同从）
在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、 表语和同位语。如果我们把句子当作名词来用，分别在另一个句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，于是构成了四种从句：主语从句、宾涪从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为这四种从句在本质上相当于名词的作用，所以我们把它们统称为名词从句。
一、四类名词从句
二、三种句子来充当四种成分
我们可以用什么样的句子来充当四种成分呢？
充当这四种成分，我们可以用三种句子陈述句 一般疑问句或特殊疑问句。（名词从句的本质）
引导名词从句的常用连词:
（1）主语从句
把“that+陈述句”这一结构放在主语位置即构成主语从句：
English is difficult.
That English is difficult is not my idea.有人认为英语很难，我可不这么认为。
更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语从句放在句末,例如：
It is a shame that you did not pass the test. 你没通过这考试真遗憾
常见的主语从句句型:
①It is +过去分词+ that从句：
It's reported that...据报道
It is generally thought that...人们普遍认为
It has been found that...现已发现
可以这么用的动词有say, expect, know, estimate, forecast,等。
②It is +形容词+ that从句：
It is clear that... 显然
It is possible that. . .很可能
It is necessary that... 有必要
③It 
is + 名词短语 + that 从句：
It is a pity that… 可借的是
It is an honor that... 真荣幸
It is my belief that... 我相信
a pity, a shame, an honor, a good idea, no wonder,等等。
（2）宾语从句
把“that +陈述句”这一结构放在宾语位置即构成宾语从句：
A.I think (that) you are right.
b.We know (that) the world is round.
只有宾语从句中的that才可以省去，主语从句、表语从句和 同位语从句中that一般不要省去。
（3）表语从句
把“that +陈述句”这一结构放在表语位置即构成表语从句：
My idea is that the child should be sent to school. 我认为这孩子应该送到学校去上学。
（4）同位语从句
把“that +陈述句”这一结构放在同位语位置即构成同位语从句。
所谓同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分，当我们用一个完整的陈述句来补充名词时，即构成同位语从句。所以同位语从句都是位于一个名词后边，形式上便构成“名词+ that+陈述句”，
a. He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time. 他想证 明他的这一理论：两个不同重量的物体将同时落地。
1. 一般疑问句要变成陈述句，并且用whether / if来引导。
1） 主语从句：
Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.
2） 宾语从句：
I don' t know if/whether he 
needs my help.
3） 表语从句：
My concern is whether he comes or not.
4） 同位语从句：
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.
2. If 还是 whether?
1） if 一般只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。
a.if he comes or not makes no difference. * （不用if引导主语从句）
b.The question is if he will come. * （不用if引导表语从句）
2） if不和or not直接连用，即一般不说if or not，但可以说 if...or not。而whether没有此限制。
a.I don't know if or not he comes. *
b.I don't know whether or not he comes.
五、特殊疑问句可分别充当四种句子成分
特殊疑问句变成陈述句语序，而不用倒装语序。
I have no idea when he will return.
Why he refused to cooperate us is still a mystery.
1） 主语从句：
What he told you is true. 他告诉你的是真的。
2） 宾语从句：
I have not decided whom I should vote for.
3） 表语从句：
The point is whose book is the most interesting.
4） 同位语从句：
I have no idea when he will return.
总结：
名词从句可简单概括为这样一句话：用三种句子来分别充当
另外一个句子的四种成分
这里的三种句子是：陈述句、一般疑问句以及特殊疑问句。
四种成分是：主语、宾语、表语和同位语
课后练习：
単项选择
1. No one knows exactly
A.how did speech begin
B.how speech began
C.how the beginning of speech
D.of how beginning speech
2. It is obvious on more important things.
A.which the money should we spend
B.what the money should we spend
C.that the money should we spend
D.that we should spend the money
3. hard water does not mix well with soap.
A.That is a well-known fact
B.That is a well-known fact in which
C.It is a well-known fact that
D.It is a well-known that
4. was to return to school.
A.That really interested him
B.What really interested him
C.Which really interested him
D.That interested him really
5.Stopping pouring polluted water into the river is the factory has to solve at present.
A.what B.that C.which D.why
6.A hinge joint is permits the forward and backward movement of a door.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
7.Scientists have reached the conclusion the temperature on Earth is getting higher and higher.
A.what B.that C.which D.as
8. the mass of the nucleus is slightly less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons which made up the nucleus.
A.It found that
B.It was found that
C.It was found for
D.It finds that
9.He wondered .
A.what will be his wife's reaction
B.what would his wife's reaction be
C.how would be his wife's reaction
D.what his wife’s reaction would be
10.After the accident, I opened my eyes slowly and realized I was still alive.
A.that
B.whether
C.what
D.which
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