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Banking in the West (2)
西方的银行（二）
[00:02.93]Situation 2
[00:03.96]情景 2
[00:04.99]Mr.Ito and Mr.Jenson continue their discussion about the history of banking in the west .
[00:08.37]伊滕先生和詹森先生继续他们有关西方银行史的讨论。
[00:11.76]Jensen:That's a good way of putting it ,Jiro.Banking firms that developed during the 15th and 16th centuries are the direct ancestors of modern commercial banks .
[00:16.95]詹 森：那是一个合适的提法，次郎。那些在15，16世纪发展起来的从事银行业务的商行就是现代商业银行的直系祖先。
[00:22.15]Ito:I can easily see the need for the development of the banks during that period .
[00:24.48]伊 滕：显而易见，银行的发展正是出于那个时期的需要。
[00:26.80]Commercial and finacial transactions had once again started to become more complex as Europe emerged from the feudal system of the Middle Ages.
[00:31.53]当欧洲从中世纪封建制度的禁锢中挣脱出来时，商业和金融交易再一次开始变得复杂起来了。
[00:36.26]Weren't many of these early banks goldsmiths in the beginning ?
[00:38.47]很多早期的银行在其一开始不就是由一些金匠们兴办起来的吗？
[00:40.67]J:Yes,many of them started that way ,especially in France and England ,
[00:43.55]詹 森：是的，很多银行就是这个兴起的，特别是在法国和英国。
[00:46.42]but they gradually expanded their activities to handing deposits and loans ,
[00:48.98]可是他们逐渐地扩展他们的经营活动，
[00:51.54]issuing and trading bills of exchange and even issuing their own notes .And ,of course ,
[00:55.04]发展到从事储蓄、贷款、发行和买卖汇票，甚至发行他们自己的货币。
[00:58.54]they started the fractional reserve system which is the central feature of modern banks.
[01:01.45]理所当然地他们又开始建立起部分储备制度，而这一点正是现代银行的主要特征。
[01:04.37]I;When did the idea of central banks get started?
[01:05.95]伊 滕：建立中央银行的想法是什么时候开始的？
[01:07.53]J;Well,the first bank that was partially owned and controlled by a state government was established in Venice in 1587.
[01:11.35]詹 森：哦，第一个由国家政府部分拥有和控制的银行是1587年在威尼斯建立起来的，
[01:15.18]Other semi-public banks appeared during the next one hundred years,including the Bank of England in 1694,
[01:19.12]后秋的一百年之中又发现了一些其他的半公立银行，包括1694年成立的英格兰银行。
[01:23.07]but these were really not central banks in the modern sense of the term .
[01:25.12]但是，这些银行还并不是现代意义上的中央银行，
[01:27.17]It wasn't until the middle of the 19th century that central banks with specific regulatory functions were created .
[01:30.84]直到19世纪中叶具有明确常规作用的中央银行才建立起来。
